This doctoral project, funded by the PNRR, explores the precariousness in Italian professional football. The research is structured into three studies, guided by a psychosociological perspective and integrated within a sequential mixed-methods design. Professional football and precariousness may appear paradoxical; however, the contrast between an idealized institutional representation and the fragility of professional experiences makes this sector emblematic for investigating the ‘insidious and plural’ (Seubert et al., 2023) forms of contemporary precariousness, as well as the assumptions underpinning processes of competence development. Within this perspective, the linear association between precariousness and the enhancement of individual competencies is critically questioned, as it is often conceived as an individual remedy to what is, instead, a systemic fragility. The first study, qualitative and exploratory, adopts a grounded theory methodology and involves 16 opinion leaders in the field, through in-depth interviews. On the one hand, inductive analysis identifies (I) the particular form of precariousness experienced within professional football, providing a specific description. On the other hand, this same empirical contingency offers conceptual elements for (II) a theoretical modelling of the construct of precariousness, highlighting its multidimensional structure—symbolic, organizational, social, and individual. The emerging substantive theory (III core category: institutional subjectivation) captures a broader process that appears to cut across contemporary occupational systems. The fragility of Work shifts onto individuals functions that were previously institutionally guaranteed (Jahoda, 1982). Within this framework, the development and use of individual competencies become the primary means through which individuals construct and sustain their professional trajectories, effectively ‘privatizing’ responsibility, meaning, and quality (Dubar, 2010). The second study, based on an online survey involving 215 professionals from technical football staff, tests the multidimensional construct of precariousness developed in the first study through a structural equation model (SEM). The results (I) validate its theoretical structure and (II) show that individually focused support interventions have limited impact on the relationship between precariousness and distress, unless embedded within an integrated intervention logic. This finding highlights the limits of ‘psychologizing’ approaches to precariousness, focused on individual support (Reddy & Amer, 2023), and underscores the need for coordinated actions at institutional, organizational, and social levels. The third study presents the results of a clinical-organizational Action Research. On the one hand, it investigates coach education in professional football, aiming to understand: (I) the dominant representation of learning currently in use (learning as adaptation), (II) how competence is configured within the current training model (organized into rigid, non-integrated categories—technical, or relational, or individual), and (III) which training needs coaches consider most crucial for dealing with precariousness (predominantly individual, reflecting a potentially collusive perspective and a rhetoric of resilience, alongside a strong latent relational need). Data were collected through a revised version of the Performance Profile (Butler & Hardy, 1982), completed by 134 coaches. On the other hand, the study takes the form of a training intervention. A temporary organization was set up, involving researchers and professionals (coaches, technical coordinators, managers) jointly engaged from design to discussion of results. The empirical findings were used within a broader participatory process of organizational reflection aimed at transforming tacit needs into shared working hypotheses and fostering the renewal of current training practices.
Il presente progetto di dottorato, promosso dal PNRR, esplora il tema della precarietà nel calcio professionistico italiano. La ricerca si articola in tre studi, guidati da una prospettiva psicosociologica e integrati in un disegno sequenziale Mixed Methods. Calcio professionistico e precarietà possono sembrare un paradosso; tuttavia, il contrasto tra la rappresentazione istituzionale idealizzata e la fragilità delle esperienze professionali rende questo settore un’intersezione emblematica per indagare le ‘insidiose e plurali’ (Seubert et al., 2023) forme di precarietà contemporanea e gli assunti che orientano i processi di sviluppo di competenze. In questa prospettiva, è messa in discussione l’associazione lineare tra precarietà e potenziamento delle competenze, spesso assunto come rimedio individuale a fronte di una fragilità sistemica. Il primo studio, qualitativo esplorativo, condotto con metodologia grounded theory, coinvolge 16 opinion leader del settore, attraverso interviste in profondità. Da una parte l’analisi induttiva identifica I) la particolare forma precaria vissuta nel contesto calcistico professionistico, offrendone una descrizione specifica; dall’altra, questa stessa contingenza offre elementi concettuali per astrarre II) una modellizzazione teorica del costrutto di precarietà, evidenziandone una struttura multidimensionale: simbolica, organizzativa, sociale ed individuale. La teoria sostantiva emergente (III) core category: soggettivazione istituzionale) intercetta invece un processo più ampio, che sembra attraversare trasversalmente i diversi sistemi occupazionali contemporanei. La fragilità del Lavoro delega all’individuo funzioni un tempo istituzionalmente garantite (Jahoda, 1982). In questo quadro, lo sviluppo e l’impiego delle competenze individuali diventano il principale strumento attraverso cui il soggetto costruisce e sostiene la propria traiettoria professionale, ‘privatizzandone’ la responsabilità, il senso e la qualità (Dubar, 2010). Il secondo studio, basato su un questionario on-line che ha coinvolto 215 professionisti dello staff tecnico calcistico, testa il costrutto multidimensionale di precarietà sviluppato nel primo studio, attraverso un modello ad equazioni strutturali (SEM). I risultati ne I) validano la struttura teorica ed II) evidenziano che gli interventi di supporto individuale risultano poco incisivi nella relazione tra precarietà e malessere, se non iscritti entro una logica di intervento integrata. Questo risultato sottolinea i limiti degli approcci alla precarietà ‘psicologizzanti’, centrati sul supporto al singolo professionista (Reddy & Amer, 2023) e sostiene la necessità di predisporre azioni coordinate a livello istituzionale, organizzativo e sociale. Il terzo studio presenta i risultati di una Ricerca-Azione clinico-organizzativa. Da un lato, questo studio è una puntuale Ricerca sulla formazione degli allenatori nel calcio professionistico, volta comprendere: I) quale rappresentazione dominante dell’apprendere sia in uso (apprendimento come adattamento), II) come l’attuale modello formativo configura la competenza (organizzata in categorie rigide di competenze scisse: tecniche o relazionali o individuali, fra loro non integrate) e III) quali fabbisogni formativi gli allenatori ritengano essere più cruciali per fronteggiare la precarietà (individuali: prospettiva collusiva, retorica della resistenza; intenso fabbisogno relazionale latente). La raccolta dati è stata effettuata proponendo una rivisitazione dello strumento Performance Profile (Butler & Hardy, 1982), completata da 134 allenatori. Dall’altro, è il racconto di un’Azione formativa. A questo scopo è stata allestita un’organizzazione temporanea composta da ricercatori e professionisti del settore (allenatori, coordinatori tecnici, dirigenti), coinvolti congiuntamente dalla progettazione alla discussione dei risultati. La precedente parte empirica è stata utilizzata entro un più ampio processo partecipato di riflessione organizzativa, volta a trasformare bisogni taciti in ipotesi di lavoro condivise, facilitando processi di rinnovamento della proposta formativa attuale.
FORME PRECARIE IL CALCIO PROFESSIONISTICO COME OSSERVATORIO ORGANIZZATIVO EMBLEMATICO DELLE EVOLUZIONI DEL LAVORO E DEI PROCESSI DI SVILUPPO DELLE COMPETENZE
PALUMBO, MARTINA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral project, funded by the PNRR, explores the precariousness in Italian professional football. The research is structured into three studies, guided by a psychosociological perspective and integrated within a sequential mixed-methods design. Professional football and precariousness may appear paradoxical; however, the contrast between an idealized institutional representation and the fragility of professional experiences makes this sector emblematic for investigating the ‘insidious and plural’ (Seubert et al., 2023) forms of contemporary precariousness, as well as the assumptions underpinning processes of competence development. Within this perspective, the linear association between precariousness and the enhancement of individual competencies is critically questioned, as it is often conceived as an individual remedy to what is, instead, a systemic fragility. The first study, qualitative and exploratory, adopts a grounded theory methodology and involves 16 opinion leaders in the field, through in-depth interviews. On the one hand, inductive analysis identifies (I) the particular form of precariousness experienced within professional football, providing a specific description. On the other hand, this same empirical contingency offers conceptual elements for (II) a theoretical modelling of the construct of precariousness, highlighting its multidimensional structure—symbolic, organizational, social, and individual. The emerging substantive theory (III core category: institutional subjectivation) captures a broader process that appears to cut across contemporary occupational systems. The fragility of Work shifts onto individuals functions that were previously institutionally guaranteed (Jahoda, 1982). Within this framework, the development and use of individual competencies become the primary means through which individuals construct and sustain their professional trajectories, effectively ‘privatizing’ responsibility, meaning, and quality (Dubar, 2010). The second study, based on an online survey involving 215 professionals from technical football staff, tests the multidimensional construct of precariousness developed in the first study through a structural equation model (SEM). The results (I) validate its theoretical structure and (II) show that individually focused support interventions have limited impact on the relationship between precariousness and distress, unless embedded within an integrated intervention logic. This finding highlights the limits of ‘psychologizing’ approaches to precariousness, focused on individual support (Reddy & Amer, 2023), and underscores the need for coordinated actions at institutional, organizational, and social levels. The third study presents the results of a clinical-organizational Action Research. On the one hand, it investigates coach education in professional football, aiming to understand: (I) the dominant representation of learning currently in use (learning as adaptation), (II) how competence is configured within the current training model (organized into rigid, non-integrated categories—technical, or relational, or individual), and (III) which training needs coaches consider most crucial for dealing with precariousness (predominantly individual, reflecting a potentially collusive perspective and a rhetoric of resilience, alongside a strong latent relational need). Data were collected through a revised version of the Performance Profile (Butler & Hardy, 1982), completed by 134 coaches. On the other hand, the study takes the form of a training intervention. A temporary organization was set up, involving researchers and professionals (coaches, technical coordinators, managers) jointly engaged from design to discussion of results. The empirical findings were used within a broader participatory process of organizational reflection aimed at transforming tacit needs into shared working hypotheses and fostering the renewal of current training practices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364716
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-364716