This thesis addresses three major research axes focusing on the Cystoseira sensu lato complex: (i) taxonomy and systematics, (ii) ecophysiological responses to emerging pollutants, and (iii) development of restoration strategies. Chapters I–II focus on taxonomy and phylogenetics. Gongolaria barbata, a widespread but polymorphic macroalga, was investigated through combined molecular, morphological, and nomenclatural approaches, clarifying infraspecific diversity and resolving historical ambiguities. A broader integrative framework was then applied to Cystoseira sensu stricto, combining multilocus phylogenies (cox1, rbcL–rbcS, ITS2) with morphological analyses across the Mediterranean–Atlantic range. The results support the recognition of two species (C. foeniculacea and C. compressa) and three infraspecific varieties and demonstrate the importance of integrated multilocul framework for accurate biodiversity assessments. These studies provide essential taxonomic foundations for conservation and monitoring of these macroalgal habitat. Chapter III explores the ecophysiological impacts of sunscreen-derived titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂), an emerging coastal pollutant. Laboratory assays revealed strong negative effects on Ericaria amentacea, a key intertidal fucoid: adults showed moderate, dose-dependent alterations in photosynthesis and metabolism, while germlings were extremely sensitive, displaying pigment loss, oxidative stress, and tissue accumulation of TiO₂ even at low concentrations. These findings provide the first mechanistic evidence of nanoparticle toxicity in canopy-forming fucoids, raising concern for recruitment success and long-term forest resilience under increasing summer pollution and warming. Chapter IV develops and tests restoration protocols for E. amentacea. By integrating ex situ mesocosm cultivation and suspended aquaculture, different workflows were compared. Results showed that a 17-day laboratory phase maximizes germling development, while a 12-day mesocosm period followed by short, suspended aquaculture provides a resource-efficient alternative. Both approaches significantly enhance transplant success, offering scalable solutions for restoration under climate-constrained fertility windows. Overall, this PhD contributes to filling critical knowledge gaps in taxonomy, ecophysiology, and restoration ecology of Mediterranean fucoid forests. It demonstrates that accurate species delimitation, improved understanding of stressor impacts, and optimized restoration protocols are all necessary to counteract declines. The findings align with international conservation priorities, including the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, by providing tools and evidence to support effective recovery of these emblematic marine forests.
Questa tesi affronta tre principali linee di ricerca incentrate sul complex Cystoseira sensu lato: (i) tassonomia e sistematica, (ii) risposte ecofisiologiche agli inquinanti emergenti, e (iii) sviluppo di strategie di restauro. I Capitoli I–II si concentrano su tassonomia e filogenesi. Gongolaria barbata, una macroalga diffusa ma polimorfica, è stata studiata attraverso un approccio combinato molecolare, morfologico e nomenclaturale, chiarendo la diversità infraspecifica e risolvendo ambiguità storiche. Un approccio integrativo più ampio è stato poi applicato a Cystoseira sensu stricto, combinando filogenesi multilocus (cox1, rbcL–rbcS, ITS2) e analisi morfologiche su scala Mediterraneo–Atlantica. I risultati supportano il riconoscimento di due specie (C. foeniculacea e C. compressa) e tre varietà infraspecifiche, dimostrando l’importanza di un approccio multilocus integrato per una valutazione accurata della biodiversità. Questi studi forniscono basi tassonomiche essenziali per la conservazione e il monitoraggio di questi habitat macroalgali. Il Capitolo III analizza gli impatti ecofisiologici delle nanoparticelle di biossido di titanio derivate da creme solari (nano-TiO₂), un inquinante costiero emergente. Esperimenti di laboratorio hanno evidenziato forti effetti negativi su Ericaria amentacea, una specie chiave delle scogliere intertidali: gli adulti hanno mostrato alterazioni moderate e dose-dipendenti della fotosintesi e del metabolismo, mentre i germling si sono rivelati estremamente sensibili, manifestando perdita di pigmenti, stress ossidativo e accumulo tissutale di TiO₂ anche a basse concentrazioni. Questi risultati forniscono la prima evidenza meccanicistica della tossicità delle nanoparticelle nelle fucali strutturanti, sollevando preoccupazioni per il successo del reclutamento e la resilienza a lungo termine delle foreste macroalgali in condizioni di crescente inquinamento e riscaldamento estivo. Il Capitolo IV sviluppa e testa protocolli di restauro per E. amentacea. Integrando coltivazione ex situ in mesocosmi e acquacoltura sospesa, sono stati confrontati diversi workflow. I risultati mostrano che una fase di laboratorio di 17 giorni massimizza lo sviluppo dei germling, mentre un periodo di 12 giorni in mesocosmo seguito da una breve fase in acquacoltura sospesa rappresenta un’alternativa efficiente in termini di risorse. Entrambi gli approcci aumentano significativamente il successo del trapianto, offrendo soluzioni scalabili per interventi di restauro in finestre riproduttive limitate dal clima. Nel complesso, questo dottorato contribuisce a colmare lacune critiche nella conoscenza sulla tassonomia, l’ecofisiologia e l’ecologia del restauro delle foreste di fucali mediterranee. Dimostra che una corretta delimitazione delle specie, una migliore comprensione degli impatti degli stressori e protocolli di restauro ottimizzati sono tutti necessari per contrastarne il declino. I risultati si allineano alle priorità di conservazione internazionali, tra cui la Strategia Europea per la Biodiversità 2030 e il Decennio ONU per il Ripristino degli Ecosistemi, fornendo strumenti e prove per supportare il recupero efficace di queste foreste marine emblematiche.
Prospettive e sfide del ripristino delle foreste di macroalghe in un oceano che cambia
D'AMBROS BURCHIO, SARA
2026
Abstract
This thesis addresses three major research axes focusing on the Cystoseira sensu lato complex: (i) taxonomy and systematics, (ii) ecophysiological responses to emerging pollutants, and (iii) development of restoration strategies. Chapters I–II focus on taxonomy and phylogenetics. Gongolaria barbata, a widespread but polymorphic macroalga, was investigated through combined molecular, morphological, and nomenclatural approaches, clarifying infraspecific diversity and resolving historical ambiguities. A broader integrative framework was then applied to Cystoseira sensu stricto, combining multilocus phylogenies (cox1, rbcL–rbcS, ITS2) with morphological analyses across the Mediterranean–Atlantic range. The results support the recognition of two species (C. foeniculacea and C. compressa) and three infraspecific varieties and demonstrate the importance of integrated multilocul framework for accurate biodiversity assessments. These studies provide essential taxonomic foundations for conservation and monitoring of these macroalgal habitat. Chapter III explores the ecophysiological impacts of sunscreen-derived titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO₂), an emerging coastal pollutant. Laboratory assays revealed strong negative effects on Ericaria amentacea, a key intertidal fucoid: adults showed moderate, dose-dependent alterations in photosynthesis and metabolism, while germlings were extremely sensitive, displaying pigment loss, oxidative stress, and tissue accumulation of TiO₂ even at low concentrations. These findings provide the first mechanistic evidence of nanoparticle toxicity in canopy-forming fucoids, raising concern for recruitment success and long-term forest resilience under increasing summer pollution and warming. Chapter IV develops and tests restoration protocols for E. amentacea. By integrating ex situ mesocosm cultivation and suspended aquaculture, different workflows were compared. Results showed that a 17-day laboratory phase maximizes germling development, while a 12-day mesocosm period followed by short, suspended aquaculture provides a resource-efficient alternative. Both approaches significantly enhance transplant success, offering scalable solutions for restoration under climate-constrained fertility windows. Overall, this PhD contributes to filling critical knowledge gaps in taxonomy, ecophysiology, and restoration ecology of Mediterranean fucoid forests. It demonstrates that accurate species delimitation, improved understanding of stressor impacts, and optimized restoration protocols are all necessary to counteract declines. The findings align with international conservation priorities, including the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, by providing tools and evidence to support effective recovery of these emblematic marine forests.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364926
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-364926