Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) are key components of marine food webs, feeding mainly on zooplankton and representing a major resource for Mediterranean pelagic fisheries. In the Adriatic Sea, they account for up to 70% of Italian landings. Over recent decades, many small pelagic populations have shown a decline in individual size and an earlier onset of sexual maturity, phenomena attributed to concurrent environmental and anthropogenic pressures. Although stock assessments remain essential tools for fisheries management, they offer a limited representation of individual variability, physiological processes, and the influence of environmental conditions on species’ life-history traits. A mechanistic approach linking individual physiology to population dynamics is therefore needed to predict population responses to climate change and fishing. This thesis presents SPelAgent (Small Pelagic Agent), a bioenergetic individual-based model (DEB-IBM) for Adriatic sardine and anchovy populations. The model integrates the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory (Kooijman, 2010), which formalizes the acquisition and allocation of energy to physiological processes in individual organisms, with an individual-based approach, enabling population dynamics to emerge from individual performance. SPelAgent is spatially implicit but incorporates time series of temperature, zooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column, and fishing mortality rates from stock assessments. The objectives of the research are: (1) to establish a quantitative link between individual physiology and population dynamics; (2) to analyze the synergistic effects of temperature, zooplankton availability, and fishing mortality on growth and demographic structure; and (3) to explore possible eco-evolutionary mechanisms underlying the observed reduction in body size of small pelagic fishes. The model was validated at the individual level by comparing growth, maturation, and longevity with literature data, and at the population level by comparing simulated biomass and catch trajectories with estimates from stock assessments and acoustic surveys. Results show that SPelAgent consistently reproduces key biological features and observed biomass and catch dynamics. Simulations highlight that population responses emerge from the nonlinear interactions among physiology, trophic resources, and anthropogenic pressures, sometimes generating compensatory or counterintuitive effects. Evolutionary scenarios did not support a significant role of fishing in driving the observed body-size reduction of small pelagics. From a methodological perspective, this thesis represents an advance in mechanistic modelling applied to fisheries management. The implementation in Julia, using the Agents.jl library, ensured high computational efficiency and transparent, reproducible code—essential features for large-scale eco-evolutionary simulations. SPelAgent provides a flexible framework for future developments, including model spatialization, the inclusion of interspecific dynamics, integration of socio-economic aspects of fisheries, and coupling with biogeochemical models. Overall, this research enhances the mechanistic understanding of the processes governing physiology and population dynamics of small pelagic fish in the Adriatic Sea.
Sardina (Sardina pilchardus) e acciuga (Engraulis encrasicolus) rappresentano componenti fondamentali delle reti trofiche marine, nutrendosi prevalentemente di zooplancton e costituendo una risorsa chiave per la pesca pelagica mediterranea. Nell’Adriatico esse contribuiscono fino al 70% degli sbarchi italiani. Negli ultimi decenni, numerose popolazioni di piccoli pelagici hanno evidenziato una riduzione della taglia individuale e un’anticipazione della maturità sessuale, fenomeni attribuiti a pressioni ambientali e antropiche concomitanti. Gli stock assessments. pur rimanendo strumenti essenziali per la gestione, rappresentano in modo limitato la variabilità individuale, i processi fisiologici e l’influenza delle condizioni ambientali sui life traits delle specie. Un approccio meccanicistico che colleghi la fisiologia individuale alle dinamiche di popolazione è pertanto necessario per prevedere la risposta delle popolazioni ai cambiamenti climatici e alla pesca. La presente tesi sviluppa SPelAgent (Small Pelagic Agent), un modello bioenergetico individual-based (DEB-IBM) per le popolazioni di sardina e acciuga dell’Adriatico. Il modello integra la Dynamic Energy Budget theory (DEB; Kooijman, 2010), che formalizza l’acquisizione e l’allocazione dell’energia ai processi fisiologici del singolo individuo, con un approccio individualt-based, che consente di rappresentare le dinamiche della popolazione sulla base della performance dei singoli individui. SPelAgent è un modello spazialmente implicito ma incorpora timeseries di temperatura, quantità di zooplankton nei primi 200m della colonna d’acqua dell’Adriatico, e serie storiche di mortalità da pesca da stock assessment. Gli obiettivi della ricerca sono: (1) stabilire un collegamento quantitativo tra fisiologia individuale e dinamica di popolazione; (2) analizzare gli effetti sinergici di temperatura, disponibilità zooplankton e mortalità da pesca su crescita, e struttura demografica; (3) esplorare possibili meccanismi eco-evolutivi responsabili della riduzione di taglia osservata nei piccoli pelagici. Il modello è stato validato a scala individuale confrontando crescita, maturità, longevità con dati di letteratura, e a scala di popolazione confrontando le traiettorie di biomassa e catture simulate con stime provenienti da stock assessments ed echo-surveys. I risultati mostrano che SPelAgent riproduce coerentemente le principali caratteristiche biologiche e le dinamiche di biomassa e catture. Le simulazioni rivelano che le risposte delle popolazioni emergono dall’interazione non lineare tra fisiologia, disponibilità trofica e pressioni antropiche, generando talvolta risposte compensative o controintuitive. Gli scenari evolutivi non hanno dimostrato un ruolo della pesca nella diminuzione di taglia dei piccoli pelagici. Dal punto di vista metodologico, la tesi costituisce un avanzamento nella modellistica meccanicistica applicata alla gestione della pesca. L’implementazione in Julia, mediante la libreria Agents.jl, ha permesso di ottenere elevata efficienza computazionale e trasparenza del codice, aspetti cruciali per simulazioni eco-evolutive su larga scala. SPelAgent fornisce un quadro flessibile per futuri sviluppi, tra la spazializzazione del modello, l’inclusione di dinamiche interspecifiche, l’aspetto socio-economico della pesca, e l’integrazione con modelli biogeochimici. Nel complesso, questa ricerca contribuisce ad ampliare la comprensione meccanicistica dei processi che regolano la fisiologia e la dinamica di popolazione dei piccoli pelagici in Adriatico.
Modellistica di popolazione e dei life-history traits dei pesci piccoli pelagici: un modello di popolazione bioenergetico individual-based
DONATI, ELISA
2026
Abstract
Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) are key components of marine food webs, feeding mainly on zooplankton and representing a major resource for Mediterranean pelagic fisheries. In the Adriatic Sea, they account for up to 70% of Italian landings. Over recent decades, many small pelagic populations have shown a decline in individual size and an earlier onset of sexual maturity, phenomena attributed to concurrent environmental and anthropogenic pressures. Although stock assessments remain essential tools for fisheries management, they offer a limited representation of individual variability, physiological processes, and the influence of environmental conditions on species’ life-history traits. A mechanistic approach linking individual physiology to population dynamics is therefore needed to predict population responses to climate change and fishing. This thesis presents SPelAgent (Small Pelagic Agent), a bioenergetic individual-based model (DEB-IBM) for Adriatic sardine and anchovy populations. The model integrates the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory (Kooijman, 2010), which formalizes the acquisition and allocation of energy to physiological processes in individual organisms, with an individual-based approach, enabling population dynamics to emerge from individual performance. SPelAgent is spatially implicit but incorporates time series of temperature, zooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column, and fishing mortality rates from stock assessments. The objectives of the research are: (1) to establish a quantitative link between individual physiology and population dynamics; (2) to analyze the synergistic effects of temperature, zooplankton availability, and fishing mortality on growth and demographic structure; and (3) to explore possible eco-evolutionary mechanisms underlying the observed reduction in body size of small pelagic fishes. The model was validated at the individual level by comparing growth, maturation, and longevity with literature data, and at the population level by comparing simulated biomass and catch trajectories with estimates from stock assessments and acoustic surveys. Results show that SPelAgent consistently reproduces key biological features and observed biomass and catch dynamics. Simulations highlight that population responses emerge from the nonlinear interactions among physiology, trophic resources, and anthropogenic pressures, sometimes generating compensatory or counterintuitive effects. Evolutionary scenarios did not support a significant role of fishing in driving the observed body-size reduction of small pelagics. From a methodological perspective, this thesis represents an advance in mechanistic modelling applied to fisheries management. The implementation in Julia, using the Agents.jl library, ensured high computational efficiency and transparent, reproducible code—essential features for large-scale eco-evolutionary simulations. SPelAgent provides a flexible framework for future developments, including model spatialization, the inclusion of interspecific dynamics, integration of socio-economic aspects of fisheries, and coupling with biogeochemical models. Overall, this research enhances the mechanistic understanding of the processes governing physiology and population dynamics of small pelagic fish in the Adriatic Sea.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364928
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-364928