Aquatic bioconstructors are calcifying, sessile, benthic organisms capable of creating hard, three-dimensional structures. These biogenic structures, also composed of species such as corals and serpulid worms, are fundamental habitats in marine and brackish ecosystems. They host complex and highly diverse biological communities, supporting a wide range of ecological functions and providing essential ecosystem services, representing true habitat formers capable of supporting biodiversity hotspots. However, these organisms are increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change. Among the most critical stressors are marine heatwaves, which are becoming more frequent, intense, and widespread globally. Their occurrence has already caused significant ecological damage, including mass mortality events in sessile benthic communities around the world. At the same time, organisms living in coastal and brackish ecosystems are also subject to increasing anthropogenic pressures, such as chemical pollution, which is particularly intense in intertidal zones. The main objective of this doctoral project was to study the ecotoxicological, molecular, and physiological responses of selected model species and species of ecological interest to environmental stresses linked to global change. Specifically, the research examined the impact of rising temperatures on Mediterranean and tropical coral species and the combined effects of thermal stress and chemical pollutants on the intertidal tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus. To achieve these objectives, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted relying primarily on biomarkers as sensitive tools for detecting early physiological responses to stress, accompanied by in situ monitoring activities in the Adriatic Sea. The results of this comprehensive research confirm that organisms that build coral reefs are sensitive to multiple environmental stressors. Rising temperatures and combined exposure to well-known chemical pollutants showed the most pronounced effects. Importantly, the results reveal that stress responses vary depending on the pollutant, species, populations, and biological scales, including the microenvironmental level at which observations are made. An interesting finding concerns the comparison between exposure to single and repeated heat waves, demonstrating that repeated thermal events lead to a greater increase in stress. This finding highlights the need to consider the frequency of heat waves in future impact assessments. Furthermore, the analysis of responses, conducted at different times during the exposure period, further demonstrated the importance of temporal resolution in ecotoxicological studies. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of adopting an integrated, multi-level approach that incorporates molecular, physiological, and ecological studies into the existing knowledge framework. This approach is essential for improving the understanding of how bioconstructors species respond to and cope with global change scenarios. Moreover, it highlights the absence of shared and standardized protocols for biomarker analysis, an aspect that reduces the comparability of data between studies and is essential for developing more effective and harmonized monitoring strategies. This study offers new perspectives on possible indicators and organisms that could be included in future environmental monitoring initiatives. This could contribute to the design of more effective protocols for monitoring benthic communities at the national or European level in a scenario increasingly affected by the effects of global change.
I biocostruttori acquatici sono organismi calcificanti, sessili e bentonici in grado di creare strutture tridimensionali dure. Queste strutture biogeniche, formate anche da specie quali coralli e vermi serpulidi, sono habitat fondamentali negli ecosistemi marini e salmastri. Ospitano comunità biologiche complesse e altamente diversificate, sostenendo un'ampia gamma di funzioni ecologiche e fornendo servizi ecosistemici essenziali, rappresentando dei veri e propri habitat formers in grado di sostenere hotspots di biodiversità. Tuttavia, questi organismi sono sempre più minacciati dagli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici. Tra i fattori di stress più critici vi sono le ondate di calore marine, diventate più frequenti, intense e diffuse a livello globale. La loro comparsa ha già causato danni ecologici significativi, tra cui eventi di mortalità di massa nelle comunità bentoniche sessili di tutto il mondo. Allo stesso tempo, gli organismi che vivono negli ecosistemi costieri e salmastri sono soggetti anche a crescenti pressioni antropiche, come l'inquinamento chimico, particolarmente intenso nelle zone intertidali. L'obiettivo principale di questo progetto di dottorato è stato quello di studiare le risposte ecotossicologiche, molecolari e fisiologiche di alcune specie modello e di specie di interesse ecologico agli stress ambientali legati al cambiamento globale. Nello specifico, la ricerca ha esaminato l'impatto dell'aumento delle temperature su specie coralline mediterranee e tropicali e gli effetti combinati dello stress termico e degli inquinanti chimici sul verme tubiforme intertidale Ficopomatus enigmaticus. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi, è stata condotta una serie di esperimenti di laboratorio basati principalmente sui biomarcatori come strumenti sensibili per rilevare le prime risposte fisiologiche allo stress, accompagnati da attività di monitoraggio in situ nel Mare Adriatico. I risultati di questa ricerca complessiva confermano che gli organismi che costruiscono le barriere coralline sono sensibili a molteplici fattori di stress ambientale. L'aumento delle temperature e l'esposizione combinata a noti inquinanti chimici hanno mostrato gli effetti più pronunciati. È importante sottolineare che i risultati rivelano che le risposte allo stress variano a seconda dell’inquinante, delle specie, delle popolazioni e delle scale biologiche, compreso il livello microambientale al quale sono condotte le osservazioni. Un risultato interessante riguarda il confronto tra l'esposizione a ondate di calore singole e ripetute, dimostrando che eventi termici ripetuti portano a un incremento maggiore dello stress. Questa scoperta sottolinea la necessità di considerare la frequenza delle ondate di calore nelle future valutazioni d'impatto. Inoltre, l'analisi delle risposte, condotta in diversi momenti durante il periodo di esposizione, ha ulteriormente dimostrato l'importanza della risoluzione temporale negli studi ecotossicologici. In conclusione, questa ricerca evidenzia la necessità di adottare un approccio integrato e multilivello che completi il quadro conoscitivo con l’introduzione contestuale di studi molecolari, fisiologici ed ecologici per comprendere meglio la vulnerabilità e i meccanismi di risposta delle specie biocostruttrici agli scenari di cambiamento globale. Inoltre, si evidenzia l'assenza di protocolli condivisi e standardizzati per l'analisi dei biomarcatori, un aspetto che riduce la comparabilità dei dati tra studi e che è fondamentale per sviluppare strategie di monitoraggio più efficaci e armonizzate. Questo studio offre nuove prospettive sui possibili indicatori e sugli organismi che potrebbero essere inclusi nelle future iniziative di sorveglianza ambientale. Ciò potrebbe contribuire alla creazione di protocolli più efficaci per il monitoraggio delle comunità bentoniche a livello nazionale o europeo in uno scenario sempre più interessato dagli effetti del cambiamento globale.
Risposte ecotossicologiche nelle specie marine e salmastre in relazione agli effetti del cambiamento globale e dell'inquinamento: un focus sugli organismi biocostruttori
VELLANI, VERDIANA
2026
Abstract
Aquatic bioconstructors are calcifying, sessile, benthic organisms capable of creating hard, three-dimensional structures. These biogenic structures, also composed of species such as corals and serpulid worms, are fundamental habitats in marine and brackish ecosystems. They host complex and highly diverse biological communities, supporting a wide range of ecological functions and providing essential ecosystem services, representing true habitat formers capable of supporting biodiversity hotspots. However, these organisms are increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change. Among the most critical stressors are marine heatwaves, which are becoming more frequent, intense, and widespread globally. Their occurrence has already caused significant ecological damage, including mass mortality events in sessile benthic communities around the world. At the same time, organisms living in coastal and brackish ecosystems are also subject to increasing anthropogenic pressures, such as chemical pollution, which is particularly intense in intertidal zones. The main objective of this doctoral project was to study the ecotoxicological, molecular, and physiological responses of selected model species and species of ecological interest to environmental stresses linked to global change. Specifically, the research examined the impact of rising temperatures on Mediterranean and tropical coral species and the combined effects of thermal stress and chemical pollutants on the intertidal tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus. To achieve these objectives, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted relying primarily on biomarkers as sensitive tools for detecting early physiological responses to stress, accompanied by in situ monitoring activities in the Adriatic Sea. The results of this comprehensive research confirm that organisms that build coral reefs are sensitive to multiple environmental stressors. Rising temperatures and combined exposure to well-known chemical pollutants showed the most pronounced effects. Importantly, the results reveal that stress responses vary depending on the pollutant, species, populations, and biological scales, including the microenvironmental level at which observations are made. An interesting finding concerns the comparison between exposure to single and repeated heat waves, demonstrating that repeated thermal events lead to a greater increase in stress. This finding highlights the need to consider the frequency of heat waves in future impact assessments. Furthermore, the analysis of responses, conducted at different times during the exposure period, further demonstrated the importance of temporal resolution in ecotoxicological studies. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of adopting an integrated, multi-level approach that incorporates molecular, physiological, and ecological studies into the existing knowledge framework. This approach is essential for improving the understanding of how bioconstructors species respond to and cope with global change scenarios. Moreover, it highlights the absence of shared and standardized protocols for biomarker analysis, an aspect that reduces the comparability of data between studies and is essential for developing more effective and harmonized monitoring strategies. This study offers new perspectives on possible indicators and organisms that could be included in future environmental monitoring initiatives. This could contribute to the design of more effective protocols for monitoring benthic communities at the national or European level in a scenario increasingly affected by the effects of global change.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364929
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-364929