This research presents the results of an integrated and multidisciplinary archaeobotanical study conducted for the Final Bronze Age site of Monte Croce-Guardia (Arcevia (Ancona), Central Italy). Active between the 12th and 10th centuries BC - a chronological window during which several Mediterranean regions experienced reduced precipitation leading to societal collapses and migrations - this site represents a key case study for understanding the transformation of vegetation and landscapes under the interplay of climatic and anthropogenic factors in the Italian Peninsula. Anthracological and carpological remains were recovered from diverse sectors of the settlement, located across the summits and the connecting saddle of two twin hills in the Marche Pre-Apennines. By integrating traditional archaeobotanical methods with stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis, variations in plant resource exploitation strategies and paleoenvironmental growth conditions were reconstructed throughout the entire occupational sequence. The seed and fruits analysis reveals a progressive shift in preference toward glume wheats over barley. Notably, the high frequency of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) highlights the significance of this drought-resistant and recently introduced cereal, particularly during the initial phases of occupation. Isotopic data suggest differentiated crop management: greater agricultural investment was directed toward emmer wheat, cultivated in naturally well-watered and nutrient-rich soils, whereas barley was relegated to marginal and less fertile fields. Charcoal remains reveal a landscape significantly shaped by human activity. Alongside typical thermo-mesophilous mixed forest species, a substantial presence of sclerophyllous vegetation suggests environmental conditions distinct from those of the present day. This interpretation is corroborated by palynological data and the comparison of isotopic signals from archaeological charcoal with the ones from modern wood samples, confirming more arid climatic conditions in the past. In conclusion, this research provides new data for the reconstruction of the environment and climate in Central Italy at the end of the Bronze Age. Moreover, it contributes to the broader understanding of plant exploitation patterns and the organization of agricultural production in an under-investigated region from an archaeobotanical perspective.
Questo lavoro presenta i risultati dello studio archebotanico integrato e multidisciplinare condotto per il sito dell’età del Bronzo finale di Monte Croce-Guardia (Arcevia (AN), Italia centrale. Attivo dal XII e il X sec. a.C., nello stesso frangente cronologico in cui diverse aree del Mediterraneo furono interessate da una riduzione delle precipitazioni che causò “collassi di civiltà” e migrazioni, il sito costituisce un importante caso-studio per cogliere le trasformazioni della vegetazione e del paesaggio sotto l’influenza congiunta di fattori climatici e antropici nella Penisola. Sono stati identificati resti antracologici e carpologici provenienti da diverse aree dell’insediamento, distribuite sulla sommità di due alture gemelle del Preappennino marchigiano e nella sella che le collega. L’integrazione tra archeobotanica tradizionale e analisi degli isotopi stabili del carbonio e dell’azoto ha consentito di ricostruire le variazioni nelle strategie di sfruttamento delle risorse vegetali e nelle condizioni ambientali di crescita lungo l’intera sequenza di occupazione del sito. L’analisi dei semi e dei frutti evidenzia nel tempo una crescente preferenza per i frumenti vestiti rispetto all’orzo; significativa è inoltre l’abbondante attestazione del miglio, che dimostra l'importanza di questo cereale di recente introduzione, resistente alla siccità, soprattutto nelle prime fasi di occupazione. I dati isotopici indicano una gestione differenziata delle colture, con un maggiore investimento verso il farro, coltivato in suoli naturalmente dotati di risorse idriche e con apporti di nutrienti, mentre all’orzo risultano destinati appezzamenti marginali meno fertili. I carboni rivelano un paesaggio modellato dalle attività umane e caratterizzato, accanto alle specie tipiche del bosco misto termo-mesofilo, da una significativa presenza di vegetazione sclerofilla, che suggerisce condizioni ambientali diverse da quelle odierne. Tale interpretazione è corroborata dallo studio palinologico e dal confronto tra i segnali isotopici misurati sui carboni archeologici e quelli ottenuti da campioni di legno moderno, che confermano come le condizioni climatiche del passato fossero più aride. Nel complesso, la ricerca fornisce nuovi dati per la ricostruzione dell’ambiente e del clima dell’Italia centrale alla fine dell’Età del Bronzo e contribuisce ad ampliare le conoscenze sulle modalità di sfruttamento delle piante e sull’organizzazione della produzione agricola in una regione ancora poco indagata dal punto di vista archeobotanico.
L’archeobotanica per uno studio paleoambientale innovativo. Il caso di Monte Croce-Guardia (Arcevia).
REGGIO, CHIARA
2026
Abstract
This research presents the results of an integrated and multidisciplinary archaeobotanical study conducted for the Final Bronze Age site of Monte Croce-Guardia (Arcevia (Ancona), Central Italy). Active between the 12th and 10th centuries BC - a chronological window during which several Mediterranean regions experienced reduced precipitation leading to societal collapses and migrations - this site represents a key case study for understanding the transformation of vegetation and landscapes under the interplay of climatic and anthropogenic factors in the Italian Peninsula. Anthracological and carpological remains were recovered from diverse sectors of the settlement, located across the summits and the connecting saddle of two twin hills in the Marche Pre-Apennines. By integrating traditional archaeobotanical methods with stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis, variations in plant resource exploitation strategies and paleoenvironmental growth conditions were reconstructed throughout the entire occupational sequence. The seed and fruits analysis reveals a progressive shift in preference toward glume wheats over barley. Notably, the high frequency of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) highlights the significance of this drought-resistant and recently introduced cereal, particularly during the initial phases of occupation. Isotopic data suggest differentiated crop management: greater agricultural investment was directed toward emmer wheat, cultivated in naturally well-watered and nutrient-rich soils, whereas barley was relegated to marginal and less fertile fields. Charcoal remains reveal a landscape significantly shaped by human activity. Alongside typical thermo-mesophilous mixed forest species, a substantial presence of sclerophyllous vegetation suggests environmental conditions distinct from those of the present day. This interpretation is corroborated by palynological data and the comparison of isotopic signals from archaeological charcoal with the ones from modern wood samples, confirming more arid climatic conditions in the past. In conclusion, this research provides new data for the reconstruction of the environment and climate in Central Italy at the end of the Bronze Age. Moreover, it contributes to the broader understanding of plant exploitation patterns and the organization of agricultural production in an under-investigated region from an archaeobotanical perspective.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/369622
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-369622