Background: Maxillary contraction is a clinical condition characterized by transverse maxillary deficiency, frequently associated with unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite and, in some cases, with a functional mandibular shift. This malocclusion is one of the most common occlusal alterations in mixed dentition, with a reported prevalence ranging from 7% to 23%. Early treatment is essential not only to restore proper transverse relationships between the dental arches, but also to prevent the progression of functional asymmetries into permanent skeletal discrepancies and dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system. Maxillary expansion is the treatment of choice for transverse maxillary deficiency. The Rapid Maxillary Expander (RME) is currently regarded as the gold standard because it allows the opening of the midpalatal suture through the application of high orthopedic forces. In recent years, however, alternative appliances such as the Leaf Expander and the Leaf Self Expander have been introduced. These devices are designed to deliver lighter and more constant forces (450 g or 900 g) through shape-memory Nickel–Titanium leaf springs, thereby promoting a more physiological expansion process and improving patient comfort. This multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate and compare the dento-alveolar and skeletal effects induced by different maxillary expansion devices in growing subjects with transverse maxillary deficiency. Specifically, the study investigated the Hyrax-type Rapid Maxillary Expander (RME), the Leaf Expander (Leaf 450 and Leaf 900), and the corresponding Leaf Self Expander variants (LSE 450 and LSE 900). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at three university centers (Genoa, Milan, and Modena/Reggio Emilia) and included 210 prepubertal subjects (105 males and 105 females) with transverse maxillary deficiency. The experimental design involved parallel allocation and a two-stage hierarchical randomization procedure. The final sample consisted of 70 subjects in the RME group (33 males and 37 females; mean age 8.4 ± 1.6 years), 73 subjects in the Leaf 450 group (37 treated with LE 450 and 36 with LSE 450; 39 males and 34 females; mean age 8.3 ± 1.9 years), and 67 subjects in the Leaf 900 group (34 treated with LE 900 and 33 with LSE 900; 33 males and 34 females; mean age 8.1 ± 1.7 years). All appliances were cemented on the upper second primary molars. Activation protocols differed among groups. In the RME group, screw activation was performed by the patients’ parents at a rate of two quarter-turns per day (one full turn corresponding to 0.25 mm). Patients in the Leaf Expander 450 g and 900 g groups were treated with an expansion screw designed to deliver moderate and continuous forces, partially preactivated in the laboratory and partially activated chairside. In the Leaf Self Expander 450 g and 900 g groups, the leaf springs were fully preactivated in the laboratory and required no additional chairside activation. At the end of the active expansion phase, all appliances were maintained in situ as passive retainers. For each patient, digital dental models and postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs were obtained at baseline (T0) and at the end of the retention period (T1), corresponding to 1.1 ± 0.3 years after appliance cementation. Digital dental models were used to assess transverse and angular maxillary arch variables, including maxillary interdeciduous canine width (C-C), maxillary interdeciduous molar width (E-E), maxillary intermolar width (1.6-2.6), rotation of the permanent maxillary first molars (1.6/2.6), and upper arch perimeter. Cephalometric analysis was performed to evaluate skeletal changes at the maxillary, mandibular, and nasal cavity levels, as well as dental changes, by measuring maxillary skeletal width (Mx-Mx), mandibular skeletal width (Ag-Ag), lateronasal width (Ln-Ln), maxillary intermolar width (Um-Um), and mandibular intermolar width (Lm-Lm). Results: The results showed that all appliances produced a significant increase in maxillary transverse dimensions and induced both dento-alveolar and skeletal changes, with statistically significant differences between T0 and T1 in all groups (p < 0.05). The ANOVA test revealed significant intergroup differences for all variables assessed on digital dental models. In contrast, cephalometric analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference among appliances only for nasal cavity width (p = 0.008), with a significantly greater increase observed in the RME group. More specifically, the Rapid Maxillary Expander produced a significantly greater transverse increase than the Leaf Expander 450 g, whereas no significant differences were observed compared with the Leaf Expander 900 g. Both Leaf Expander 450 g and 900 g appliances induced significantly greater rotation of the permanent maxillary first molars than the RME, with no significant differences between the two Leaf Expander groups. Subgroup analysis, performed using an independent-samples T-test, demonstrated that both the Leaf Expander and the Leaf Self Expander were effective in achieving significant transverse expansion. However, the Leaf Expander showed greater increases in certain dental variables, including deciduous and permanent intermolar width and upper arch perimeter, whereas maxillary interdeciduous canine width increased significantly more in the Leaf Expander 900 g subgroup than in the corresponding Leaf Self Expander subgroup. No significant differences were found between the two appliances with respect to cephalometrically assessed skeletal and dental changes. Conclusions: In conclusion, all appliances evaluated were effective in achieving significant transverse expansion and in producing dentoalveolar and skeletal changes in growing patients. The Leaf Expander, in its different configurations, represents a modern and valid alternative particularly in early mixed dentition, capable of combining reliable clinical outcomes with a biomechanical profile characterized by light and continuous forces and improved patient tolerability.
Introduzione: La contrazione palatale è una condizione clinica caratterizzata da un deficit trasversale del mascellare superiore, frequentemente associata a morso incrociato mono o bilaterale e talvolta accompagnata da uno shift mandibolare funzionale. Tale malocclusione rappresenta una delle più comuni alterazioni occlusali in dentatura mista, con una prevalenza compresa tra il 7% e il 23%. Un trattamento precoce è essenziale non solo per ristabilire corretti rapporti trasversali tra le arcate dentarie, ma anche per prevenire l’evoluzione di asimmetrie funzionali in alterazioni scheletriche permanenti e disfunzioni del sistema stomatognatico. L’espansione mascellare costituisce il trattamento di elezione per la correzione del deficit trasversale. L’Espansore Mascellare Rapido (Rapid Maxillary Expander, RME) è considerato il gold standard, in quanto consente l’apertura della sutura palatina mediana attraverso l’applicazione di forze ortopediche elevate. Tuttavia, negli ultimi anni sono stati introdotti dispositivi alternativi, come il Leaf Expander e il Leaf Self Expander, progettati per erogare forze più leggere e costanti (450 g o 900 g) grazie a molle a balestra in Nichel Titanio a memoria di forma, favorendo un’espansione più fisiologica ed una maggiore tollerabilità da parte del paziente. Il presente studio clinico multicentrico randomizzato e controllato è stato progettato con l’obiettivo di valutare e confrontare gli effetti dento-alveolari e scheletrici indotti da diversi dispositivi di espansione mascellare in soggetti in età evolutiva con deficit trasversale mascellare. In particolare, sono stati analizzati l’Espansore Mascellare Rapido di tipo Hyrax (RME), il Leaf Expander (Leaf 450 e Leaf 900) e le rispettive varianti Leaf Self Expander (LSE 450 e LSE 900). Materiali e Metodi: Lo studio è stato condotto presso tre centri universitari (Genova, Milano, Modena e Reggio Emilia) e ha incluso un campione di 210 soggetti in età prepuberale (105 maschi e 105 femmine) affetti da deficit trasversale del mascellare superiore. Il disegno sperimentale ha previsto una allocazione parallela dei partecipanti ed una procedura di randomizzazione gerarchica a due stadi. La composizione finale dei gruppi è risultata la seguente: Gruppo RME: 70 soggetti, 33 maschi e 37 femmine, con età media di 8,4 ± 1,6 anni; Gruppo Leaf 450: 73 soggetti (37 LE 450, 36 LSE 450), 39 maschi e 34 femmine, con età media di 8,3 ± 1,9 anni; Gruppo Leaf 900: 67 soggetti (34 LE 900, 33 LSE 900), 33 maschi e 34 femmine, con età media di 8,1 ± 1,7 anni. Tutti i dispositivi sono stati cementati sui secondi molari decidui superiori. Le modalità di attivazione differivano tra i gruppi: l’attivazione della vite RME è stata eseguita dai genitori dei pazienti con una frequenza di 2/4 di giro al giorno (1 giro = 0,25 mm). I pazienti assegnati ai gruppi Leaf Expander 450 g e Leaf Expander 900 g sono stati trattati mediante una vite di espansione progettata per erogare forze moderate e continue, in parte preattivata in laboratorio ed in parte attivata alla poltrona. Nei pazienti assegnati ai gruppi Leaf Self Expander 450 g e Leaf Self Expander 900 g le molle a balestra sono state completamente preattivate in laboratorio e non hanno richiesto nessuna attivazione clinica aggiuntiva. Tutti i dispositivi sono stati mantenuti in situ, al termine della fase di attivazione, come mezzi di contenzione passiva. Per ciascun paziente sono stati acquisiti modelli dentali digitali e teleradiografie postero-anteriori del cranio al tempo iniziale (T0) e al termine del periodo di ritenzione (T1), pari a 1,1 ± 0,3 anni dopo la cementazione del dispositivo. Sui modelli dentali digitali sono state analizzate variabili trasversali e angolari dell’arcata mascellare, tra cui la distanza intercanina decidua mascellare (C-C), la distanza intermolare decidua mascellare (E-E), la distanza intermolare mascellare (1.6-2.6), la rotazione dei primi molari permanenti mascellari (1.6/2.6) ed il perimetro d’arcata superiore. L’analisi cefalometrica ha consentito di valutare le modificazioni scheletriche a livello mascellare, mandibolare e delle cavità nasali, oltre alle variazioni dentali attraverso la misurazione di Ampiezza Scheletrica Mascellare (Mx-Mx), Ampiezza Scheletrica Mandibolare (Ag-Ag), Ampiezza Latero-nasale (Ln-Ln), Ampiezza Intermolare Mascellare (Um-Um) e Ampiezza Intermolare Mandibolare (Lm-Lm). Risultati: I risultati hanno evidenziato che tutti i dispositivi hanno determinato un aumento significativo delle dimensioni trasversali dell’arcata mascellare e modificazioni dento-alveolari e scheletriche, con differenze statisticamente significative tra T0 e T1 in tutti i gruppi (p < 0,05). L’analisi ANOVA ha mostrato differenze significative tra i gruppi per tutte le variabili analizzate sui modelli dentali digitali, mentre, a livello cefalometrico, una differenza significativa tra i dispositivi è stata osservata esclusivamente per l’ampiezza delle cavità nasali (p = 0,008), dove l’incremento è risultato significativamente maggiore nel gruppo trattato con RME. Nel dettaglio, l’Espansore Mascellare Rapido ha mostrato un incremento significativamente maggiore delle dimensioni trasversali rispetto al Leaf Expander 450 g, mentre non sono emerse differenze significative rispetto al Leaf Expander 900 g. I dispositivi Leaf Expander 450 g e 900 g hanno determinato una rotazione dei primi molari permanenti superiori significativamente più marcata rispetto all’RME, senza differenze rilevanti tra loro. L’analisi dei sottogruppi, effettuata mediante un test T per campioni indipendenti, ha evidenziato che sia il Leaf Expander sia il Leaf Self Expander sono efficaci nel produrre un’espansione trasversale significativa. Tuttavia, il Leaf Expander ha mostrato incrementi maggiori in alcune variabili dentali, quali la distanza intermolare decidua e permanente ed il perimetro d’arcata, mentre la distanza intercanina decidua è aumentata in modo significativamente maggiore nel sottogruppo Leaf Expander 900 g rispetto al corrispondente Leaf Self Expander. Non sono state invece riscontrate differenze significative tra i due dispositivi per quanto riguarda le modificazioni scheletriche e dentali valutate cefalometricamente. Conclusioni: In conclusione, tutti i dispositivi analizzati si sono dimostrati efficaci nel determinare un’espansione trasversale significativa e nel produrre modificazioni dento-alveolari e scheletriche nei pazienti in crescita. Il Leaf Expander, nelle sue diverse varianti, si configura come una moderna e valida alternativa, soprattutto in dentatura mista precoce, capace di combinare risultati clinici affidabili con un profilo biomeccanico con forze leggere e costanti ed una migliore tollerabilità per il paziente.
Valutazione degli effetti scheletrici e dentali determinati da differenti dispositivi di espansione mascellare in età evolutiva: Studio multicentrico randomizzato
SILVESTRINI BIAVATI, FRANCESCA
2026
Abstract
Background: Maxillary contraction is a clinical condition characterized by transverse maxillary deficiency, frequently associated with unilateral or bilateral posterior crossbite and, in some cases, with a functional mandibular shift. This malocclusion is one of the most common occlusal alterations in mixed dentition, with a reported prevalence ranging from 7% to 23%. Early treatment is essential not only to restore proper transverse relationships between the dental arches, but also to prevent the progression of functional asymmetries into permanent skeletal discrepancies and dysfunctions of the stomatognathic system. Maxillary expansion is the treatment of choice for transverse maxillary deficiency. The Rapid Maxillary Expander (RME) is currently regarded as the gold standard because it allows the opening of the midpalatal suture through the application of high orthopedic forces. In recent years, however, alternative appliances such as the Leaf Expander and the Leaf Self Expander have been introduced. These devices are designed to deliver lighter and more constant forces (450 g or 900 g) through shape-memory Nickel–Titanium leaf springs, thereby promoting a more physiological expansion process and improving patient comfort. This multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate and compare the dento-alveolar and skeletal effects induced by different maxillary expansion devices in growing subjects with transverse maxillary deficiency. Specifically, the study investigated the Hyrax-type Rapid Maxillary Expander (RME), the Leaf Expander (Leaf 450 and Leaf 900), and the corresponding Leaf Self Expander variants (LSE 450 and LSE 900). Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at three university centers (Genoa, Milan, and Modena/Reggio Emilia) and included 210 prepubertal subjects (105 males and 105 females) with transverse maxillary deficiency. The experimental design involved parallel allocation and a two-stage hierarchical randomization procedure. The final sample consisted of 70 subjects in the RME group (33 males and 37 females; mean age 8.4 ± 1.6 years), 73 subjects in the Leaf 450 group (37 treated with LE 450 and 36 with LSE 450; 39 males and 34 females; mean age 8.3 ± 1.9 years), and 67 subjects in the Leaf 900 group (34 treated with LE 900 and 33 with LSE 900; 33 males and 34 females; mean age 8.1 ± 1.7 years). All appliances were cemented on the upper second primary molars. Activation protocols differed among groups. In the RME group, screw activation was performed by the patients’ parents at a rate of two quarter-turns per day (one full turn corresponding to 0.25 mm). Patients in the Leaf Expander 450 g and 900 g groups were treated with an expansion screw designed to deliver moderate and continuous forces, partially preactivated in the laboratory and partially activated chairside. In the Leaf Self Expander 450 g and 900 g groups, the leaf springs were fully preactivated in the laboratory and required no additional chairside activation. At the end of the active expansion phase, all appliances were maintained in situ as passive retainers. For each patient, digital dental models and postero-anterior cephalometric radiographs were obtained at baseline (T0) and at the end of the retention period (T1), corresponding to 1.1 ± 0.3 years after appliance cementation. Digital dental models were used to assess transverse and angular maxillary arch variables, including maxillary interdeciduous canine width (C-C), maxillary interdeciduous molar width (E-E), maxillary intermolar width (1.6-2.6), rotation of the permanent maxillary first molars (1.6/2.6), and upper arch perimeter. Cephalometric analysis was performed to evaluate skeletal changes at the maxillary, mandibular, and nasal cavity levels, as well as dental changes, by measuring maxillary skeletal width (Mx-Mx), mandibular skeletal width (Ag-Ag), lateronasal width (Ln-Ln), maxillary intermolar width (Um-Um), and mandibular intermolar width (Lm-Lm). Results: The results showed that all appliances produced a significant increase in maxillary transverse dimensions and induced both dento-alveolar and skeletal changes, with statistically significant differences between T0 and T1 in all groups (p < 0.05). The ANOVA test revealed significant intergroup differences for all variables assessed on digital dental models. In contrast, cephalometric analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference among appliances only for nasal cavity width (p = 0.008), with a significantly greater increase observed in the RME group. More specifically, the Rapid Maxillary Expander produced a significantly greater transverse increase than the Leaf Expander 450 g, whereas no significant differences were observed compared with the Leaf Expander 900 g. Both Leaf Expander 450 g and 900 g appliances induced significantly greater rotation of the permanent maxillary first molars than the RME, with no significant differences between the two Leaf Expander groups. Subgroup analysis, performed using an independent-samples T-test, demonstrated that both the Leaf Expander and the Leaf Self Expander were effective in achieving significant transverse expansion. However, the Leaf Expander showed greater increases in certain dental variables, including deciduous and permanent intermolar width and upper arch perimeter, whereas maxillary interdeciduous canine width increased significantly more in the Leaf Expander 900 g subgroup than in the corresponding Leaf Self Expander subgroup. No significant differences were found between the two appliances with respect to cephalometrically assessed skeletal and dental changes. Conclusions: In conclusion, all appliances evaluated were effective in achieving significant transverse expansion and in producing dentoalveolar and skeletal changes in growing patients. The Leaf Expander, in its different configurations, represents a modern and valid alternative particularly in early mixed dentition, capable of combining reliable clinical outcomes with a biomechanical profile characterized by light and continuous forces and improved patient tolerability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
phdunige_3011658.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
3.05 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.05 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/372720
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-372720