The conservation of archaeological heritage represents a complex challenge, owing not only to the stratigraphic nature of archaeological contexts but also to the need to preserve both the physical materials and the historical and cultural information associated with them. This complexity is further increased by the intrinsic fragility of archaeological remains and the often critical environmental conditions to which they are exposed, both during and after excavation activities. In particular, wall paintings located in hypogean environments, earthen materials, and stone substrates frequently subjected to rapid microclimatic fluctuations are especially vulnerable to moisture, the migration and crystallization of soluble salts, and biodeterioration processes, all of which may result in the irreversible loss of both material integrity and historical information.This doctoral research was carried out within this framework and aimed to develop and evaluate innovative nanostructured systems for the preventive conservation and restoration of archaeological materials. In particular, the use of nanostructured materials enables interventions at the nanoscale, improving penetration into the substrate, compatibility with the original materials, and the effectiveness of consolidation treatments without significantly altering their physicochemical properties or aesthetic appearance. Particular attention was also devoted to the sustainability of the developed systems from environmental, operational, and conservation perspectives, prioritizing the use of low-impact solvents, such as hydroalcoholic formulations, while reducing the use of compounds potentially harmful to both operators and the environment.Two different functional systems were designed: hydroalcoholic consolidating formulations based on alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, and Mg(OH)₂) and controlled-release biocidal systems consisting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with essential oils (BioTersus®, a product developed by Exentiae S.r.l., Italy). The nanostructured systems were structurally and morphologically characterized. Their consolidating performance was initially evaluated through laboratory tests on representative mock-up specimens simulating the substrates of interest and subsequently through in situ applications accompanied by long-term monitoring. Accelerated ageing tests were also performed to assess the stability and durability of the treatments over time by reproducing the environmental conditions to which archaeological materials are commonly exposed. In parallel, the performance of selected systems was compared with that of commercially available conservation products already employed in the field.The developed systems were tested in several archaeological contexts characterized by different conservation issues, including the monumental complex of Santa Maria della Grotta and the Hypogeum of Crispia Salvia in Marsala (Trapani), both under the management of the Lilibeo Archaeological Park, the underground church of Sotterra (Paola), the archaeological site of Solunto, Sagunto Castle (Spain), and the cloister fountain of Santa Maria di Gesù in Palermo. The results demonstrate the potential of the developed nanostructured systems as effective and compatible tools for the conservation of stone substrates, opening new perspectives for sustainable and long-lasting conservation strategies.This doctoral research was conducted within the framework of the PhD Programme in Cultural Heritage at the University of Palermo and forms part of the activities of the SAMOTHRACE – Sicilian Micro and Nano Technology Research and Innovation Center project (National Recovery and Resilience Plan – PNRR). Within the same doctoral programme and the activities of the SAMOTHRACE project, the archaeological aspects were investigated by Dr. Alessio Zito and Dr. Alessio Amico, whose contributions provided the historical and archaeological framework within which the present research was developed.The development of this research was made possible through collaboration with numerous scientific institutions, research centres, and organizations involved in the conservation and study of cultural heritage, where experimental activities, diagnostic investigations, and in situ applications were carried outAt the national level, part of the research activities was conducted at the Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF) in Messina, where analytical investigations were performed to characterize the constituent materials of the wall paintings in the monumental complex of Santa Maria della Grotta (Marsala). In particular, pigments were identified by means of Raman spectroscopy, allowing the characterization of the pictorial materials and the identification of different execution phases. The collaboration with CNR-IPCF also included infrared thermographic investigations aimed at assessing the state of conservation of the wall paintings.The activities carried out at the Santa Maria della Grotta complex and at the underground church of Sotterra (Paola, Cosenza) were also developed in collaboration with SNAPTECH, a spin-off company of the University of L'Aquila and the recipient of a cascade funding call within the SAMOTHRACE project. This collaboration involved the comparison between the consolidating systems developed in the present research and the patented product NANOLAQ.At Santa Maria della Grotta, the biological investigations aimed at identifying biodeteriogenic organisms were conducted in collaboration with the Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM) in Catania, with the contribution of Dr. Maria Antonietta Buccheri, within the framework of the SAMOTHRACE project.Additional collaborations concerning biological analyses were established with Prof. Franco Palla, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, for the analyses performed on samples collected from Sagunto Castle (Valencia, Spain).With regard to earthen materials, mineralogical and petrographic analyses were carried out in collaboration with Prof. Giuseppe Montana, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo.A research period conducted in collaboration with the Regional Centre for Planning and Restoration (CRPR) of Palermo, operating under the Department of Cultural Heritage and Sicilian Identity of the Sicilian Regional Government, focused on the in situ application of controlled-release biocidal systems at the monumental cloister fountain of Santa Maria di Gesù (Palermo). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments on stone substrates affected by biodeterioration processes.A further research period, carried out in collaboration with the Lilibeo Archaeological Park, was dedicated to non-invasive diagnostic investigations and the in situ application of consolidating systems at the monumental complex of Santa Maria della Grotta, followed by long-term monitoring to evaluate the performance of the treatments over time.Part of the research was also carried out at the Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences of Vilnius University (Lithuania) and at the Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia (Spain). These research experiences provided valuable opportunities to broaden the scientific perspective of the project and to establish collaborations with international research groups working on advanced materials for cultural heritage conservation. Overall, the collaborations established with universities, research institutions, and cultural heritage organizations represented a fundamental component of the interdisciplinary nature of this research, enabling the experimental validation of the developed materials under real archaeological conditions.This thesis is organized into five chapters.Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical framework of the research, outlining the main conservation issues affecting archaeological materials and reviewing the current state of the art concerning consolidating and biocidal systems employed in the conservation of cultural heritage.Chapter 2 describes the design and development of nanostructured systems based on alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, and Mg(OH)₂), including the study of the stability of the developed hydroalcoholic formulations.Chapter 3 focuses on the conservation of wall paintings located in hypogean environments. Following the laboratory experimentation, which included the preparation and treatment of representative mock-up specimens and the evaluation of the developed systems through accelerated ageing tests, the chapter presents the results of the in situ applications carried out at the case studies of Santa Maria della Grotta, the Hypogeum of Crispia Salvia, and the underground church of Sotterra.Chapter 4 addresses the conservation of earthen architectural materials by presenting the laboratory tests performed on representative specimens, including accelerated ageing experiments, together with the in situ applications carried out at the archaeological site of Solunto and Sagunto Castle.Chapter 5 is devoted to the development of controlled-release biocidal systems based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with essential oils and their application to stone substrates affected by biodeterioration, with particular reference to the cloister fountain of Santa Maria di Gesù (Palermo) and the stone surfaces of Sagunto Castle. Finally, the Concluding Remarks discuss the overall outcomes of the research, highlighting the potential of nanostructured systems for the conservation of archaeological heritage and outlining future research perspectives for the development of sustainable and durable conservation strategies. Details concerning the analytical techniques and instrumentation employed throughout the research are provided in the Appendix.
La conservazione del patrimonio archeologico rappresenta una sfida complessa, anche in ragione della natura stratigrafica dei contesti di scavo e della necessità di preservare non solo i materiali, ma anche le informazioni storiche e culturali a essi associate. Tale complessità è accentuata dalla fragilità intrinseca dei reperti e dalle condizioni ambientali spesso critiche in cui essi si trovano, sia durante che dopo le attività di scavo. In particolare, dipinti murali collocati in ambienti ipogei, manufatti in terra cruda e substrati lapidei spesso esposti a repentini cambiamenti microclimatici risultano particolarmente vulnerabili alla presenza di umidità, alla migrazione e cristallizzazione dei sali solubili e ai fenomeni di biodeterioramento, con conseguenti rischi di perdita sia materiale sia informativa.La presente ricerca di dottorato si inserisce in questo contesto e ha avuto l’obiettivo di sviluppare e sperimentare sistemi nanostrutturati innovativi per la conservazione preventiva e il restauro di materiali di interesse archeologico. In particolare, l’impiego di materiali nano-strutturati consente di intervenire su scala nanometrica, migliorando la penetrazione e la compatibilità con i substrati originali, nonché l’efficacia dei trattamenti consolidanti senza alterarne significativamente le proprietà chimico-fisiche e l’aspetto estetico. Particolare attenzione è stata inoltre rivolta alla sostenibilità dei sistemi sviluppati, intesa in termini ambientali, operativi e conservativi, privilegiando l'uso di solventi a basso impatto ambientale, come sistemi idroalcolici, e riducendo l'impiego di composti potenzialmente nocivi per l'operatore e per l'ambiente. Sono stati progettati due differenti sistemi funzionali: formulazioni idroalcoliche con funzione consolidante basate su nanoparticelle di idrossidi alcalino-terrosi (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂ e Mg(OH)₂) e sistemi biocidi a rilascio controllato costituiti da nanoparticelle di silice mesoporosa caricate con oli essenziali (BioTersus®, prodotto sviluppato da Exentiae S.r.l., Italia). I sistemi nanostrutturati sono stati caratterizzati dal punto di vista strutturale e morfologico. Le prestazioni dei sistemi sviluppati, in termini di consolidamento, sono state valutate inizialmente tramite prove su campioni che simulano i substrati di interesse, e successivamente mediante applicazioni in situ, accompagnate da un monitoraggio nel tempo. Sono stati infatti condotti test di invecchiamento accelerato, finalizzati a valutare la stabilità e la durabilità dei trattamenti nel tempo, simulando le condizioni ambientali cui i materiali sono esposti nei contesti archeologici. Allo stesso tempo, le performance di alcuni sistemi sono state confrontate con quelle di sistemi già utilizzati e disponibili sul mercato. I sistemi sono stati testati in diversi contesti archeologici caratterizzati da problematiche conservative differenti, tra cui il complesso monumentale di Santa Maria della Grotta e l’ipogeo di Crispia Salvia a Marsala (Trapani), entrambi sotto la tutela del Parco Archeologico Lilibeo, la chiesa ipogea di Sotterra (Paola), l’area archeologica di Solunto, il Castello di Sagunto (Spagna) e la fontana del chiostro di Santa Maria di Gesù a Palermo. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano il potenziale dei sistemi nanostrutturati sviluppati come strumenti efficaci e compatibili per la conservazione di substrati lapidei, aprendo nuove prospettive per strategie di intervento sostenibili e durature. La presente ricerca di dottorato è stata sviluppata nell’ambito del Dottorato in Patrimonio Culturale dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo e si inserisce nelle attività del progetto SAMOTHRACE – Sicilian Micro and Nano Technology Research and Innovation Center (PNRR) . Nell’ambito del medesimo Dottorato e delle attività del progetto SAMOTHRACE, gli aspetti di carattere archeologico sono stati approfonditi da Dott. Alessio Zito e dal Dott. Alessio Amico, i cui contributi hanno fornito il quadro di riferimento storico-archeologico entro cui si inserisce la presente ricerca. Lo sviluppo della ricerca è stato reso possibile grazie alla collaborazione con numerose istituzioni scientifiche, enti di ricerca e istituti impegnati nella tutela e nello studio del patrimonio culturale, presso i quali sono state condotte attività sperimentali, analisi diagnostiche e applicazioni in situ. In ambito nazionale, parte delle attività di ricerca è stata svolta presso il CNR-IPCF – Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici di Messina, dove sono state condotte analisi finalizzate alla caratterizzazione dei materiali costitutivi degli affreschi del complesso di Santa Maria della Grotta (Marsala). In particolare, l’identificazione dei pigmenti è stata effettuata mediante spettroscopia Raman, consentendo di definire la natura dei materiali pittorici e di distinguere eventuali fasi esecutive differenti; la collaborazione con il CNR-IPCF ha inoltre previsto l’impiego di indagini termografiche, finalizzate alla valutazione dello stato di conservazione. Le attività condotte presso il complesso di Santa Maria della Grotta e presso la chiesa di Sotterra (Paola, CS) sono state altresì sviluppate in collaborazione con SNAPTECH, spin-off dell’Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, vincitore di un bando a cascata nell’ambito del progetto SAMOTHRACE; tale collaborazione ha previsto il confronto tra i sistemi sviluppati nell’ambito della presente ricerca e il prodotto brevettato NANOLAQ. Presso il sito di Santa Maria della Grotta, le analisi biologiche finalizzate allo studio dei biodeteriogeni sono state effettuate in collaborazione con il CNR-IMM di Catania, con il contributo della Dott.ssa Maria Antonietta Buccheri, nell’ambito delle attività del progetto SAMOTHRACE. Per quanto concerne le indagini biologiche, ulteriori collaborazioni sono state sviluppate con il Prof. Franco Palla, afferente al Dipartimento STEBICEF dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo, per le analisi condotte sui campioni prelevati presso il Castello di Sagunto (Valencia).Per quanto concerne i mattoni crudi, le analisi mineralogico-petrografiche sono state effettuate in collaborazione con il Prof. Giuseppe Montana, afferente al Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo.Un periodo di ricerca svolto in collaborazione con il Centro Regionale per la Progettazione e il Restauro (CRPR) di Palermo, afferente all’Assessorato dei Beni Culturali e dell’Identità Siciliana della Regione Siciliana, ha riguardato l’applicazione in situ di sistemi biocidi a rilascio controllato presso la fontana monumentale del chiostro del convento di Santa Maria di Gesù (Palermo), con l’obiettivo di valutare l’efficacia dei trattamenti su substrati lapidei interessati da fenomeni di biodeterioramento. Un ulteriore periodo di attività, sviluppato in collaborazione con il Parco Archeologico di Lilibeo, è stato dedicato alle indagini diagnostiche non invasive e alle applicazioni in situ dei sistemi consolidanti presso il complesso monumentale di Santa Maria della Grotta, con successive fasi di monitoraggio delle prestazioni dei trattamenti nel tempo. Parte dell’attività di ricerca è stata svolta presso la Facoltà di Chimica e Geoscienze dell’Università di Vilnius (Lituania) e presso l’Istituto di Scienze dei Materiali (ICMUV) dell’Università di Valencia (Spagna), grazie alla quale è stato possibile ampliare il confronto scientifico e sviluppare collaborazioni con gruppi di ricerca impegnati nello studio dei materiali per la conservazione del patrimonio culturale. Le collaborazioni con istituzioni accademiche, centri di ricerca ed enti di tutela del patrimonio culturale hanno rappresentato un elemento fondamentale per lo sviluppo interdisciplinare della ricerca e per la sperimentazione dei materiali sviluppati in contesti archeologici reali.La presente tesi è articolata in cinque capitoli.Il Capitolo 1 introduce il quadro teorico della ricerca, illustrando le principali problematiche conservative dei materiali archeologici e lo stato dell’arte relativo ai sistemi consolidanti e ai sistemi biocidi impiegati nel settore della conservazione dei beni culturali.Il Capitolo 2 descrive la pianificazione e lo sviluppo dei sistemi nanostrutturati a base di nanoparticelle di idrossidi alcalino-terrosi (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂ e Mg(OH)₂), incluso lo studio della stabilità della formulazione idroalcolica sviluppata.Il Capitolo 3 è dedicato allo studio dei dipinti murali collocati in ambienti ipogei. Dopo la fase di sperimentazione in laboratorio, che ha previsto la realizzazione e il trattamento di provini rappresentativi dei substrati in esame e la valutazione dei sistemi mediante prove di invecchiamento accelerato, vengono presentati i risultati delle applicazioni in situ nei casi studio di Santa Maria della Grotta, dell’ipogeo di Crispia Salvia e della Chiesa ipogea di Sotterra.Il Capitolo 4 affronta la problematica conservativa dei manufatti in terra cruda, presentando i test sperimentali condotti sui provini in laboratorio, compreso l’invecchiamento accelerato, e le applicazioni nei contesti archeologici di Solunto e del Castello di Sagunto.Il Capitolo 5 riguarda lo sviluppo dei sistemi biocidi a rilascio controllato basati su nanoparticelle di silice mesoporosa caricate con oli essenziali e il trattamento di substrati lapidei interessati da fenomeni di biodeterioramento, con particolare riferimento alla fontana del chiostro di Santa Maria di Gesù (Palermo) e alle superfici lapidee del Castello di Sagunto.Infine, nelle Considerazioni finali vengono discussi i risultati complessivi della ricerca, le potenzialità e le prospettive future relative all’impiego di sistemi nanostrutturati nella conservazione del patrimonio archeologico.Dettagli sulle tecniche delle strumentazioni utilizzate sono riportati in Appendice.
SISTEMI NANOSTRUTTURATI PER LA CONSERVAZIONE PREVENTIVA E IL RESTAURO DEL PATRIMONIO DI INTERESSE ARCHEOLOGICO
TUCCIO, CHIARA
2026
Abstract
The conservation of archaeological heritage represents a complex challenge, owing not only to the stratigraphic nature of archaeological contexts but also to the need to preserve both the physical materials and the historical and cultural information associated with them. This complexity is further increased by the intrinsic fragility of archaeological remains and the often critical environmental conditions to which they are exposed, both during and after excavation activities. In particular, wall paintings located in hypogean environments, earthen materials, and stone substrates frequently subjected to rapid microclimatic fluctuations are especially vulnerable to moisture, the migration and crystallization of soluble salts, and biodeterioration processes, all of which may result in the irreversible loss of both material integrity and historical information.This doctoral research was carried out within this framework and aimed to develop and evaluate innovative nanostructured systems for the preventive conservation and restoration of archaeological materials. In particular, the use of nanostructured materials enables interventions at the nanoscale, improving penetration into the substrate, compatibility with the original materials, and the effectiveness of consolidation treatments without significantly altering their physicochemical properties or aesthetic appearance. Particular attention was also devoted to the sustainability of the developed systems from environmental, operational, and conservation perspectives, prioritizing the use of low-impact solvents, such as hydroalcoholic formulations, while reducing the use of compounds potentially harmful to both operators and the environment.Two different functional systems were designed: hydroalcoholic consolidating formulations based on alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, and Mg(OH)₂) and controlled-release biocidal systems consisting of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with essential oils (BioTersus®, a product developed by Exentiae S.r.l., Italy). The nanostructured systems were structurally and morphologically characterized. Their consolidating performance was initially evaluated through laboratory tests on representative mock-up specimens simulating the substrates of interest and subsequently through in situ applications accompanied by long-term monitoring. Accelerated ageing tests were also performed to assess the stability and durability of the treatments over time by reproducing the environmental conditions to which archaeological materials are commonly exposed. In parallel, the performance of selected systems was compared with that of commercially available conservation products already employed in the field.The developed systems were tested in several archaeological contexts characterized by different conservation issues, including the monumental complex of Santa Maria della Grotta and the Hypogeum of Crispia Salvia in Marsala (Trapani), both under the management of the Lilibeo Archaeological Park, the underground church of Sotterra (Paola), the archaeological site of Solunto, Sagunto Castle (Spain), and the cloister fountain of Santa Maria di Gesù in Palermo. The results demonstrate the potential of the developed nanostructured systems as effective and compatible tools for the conservation of stone substrates, opening new perspectives for sustainable and long-lasting conservation strategies.This doctoral research was conducted within the framework of the PhD Programme in Cultural Heritage at the University of Palermo and forms part of the activities of the SAMOTHRACE – Sicilian Micro and Nano Technology Research and Innovation Center project (National Recovery and Resilience Plan – PNRR). Within the same doctoral programme and the activities of the SAMOTHRACE project, the archaeological aspects were investigated by Dr. Alessio Zito and Dr. Alessio Amico, whose contributions provided the historical and archaeological framework within which the present research was developed.The development of this research was made possible through collaboration with numerous scientific institutions, research centres, and organizations involved in the conservation and study of cultural heritage, where experimental activities, diagnostic investigations, and in situ applications were carried outAt the national level, part of the research activities was conducted at the Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (CNR-IPCF) in Messina, where analytical investigations were performed to characterize the constituent materials of the wall paintings in the monumental complex of Santa Maria della Grotta (Marsala). In particular, pigments were identified by means of Raman spectroscopy, allowing the characterization of the pictorial materials and the identification of different execution phases. The collaboration with CNR-IPCF also included infrared thermographic investigations aimed at assessing the state of conservation of the wall paintings.The activities carried out at the Santa Maria della Grotta complex and at the underground church of Sotterra (Paola, Cosenza) were also developed in collaboration with SNAPTECH, a spin-off company of the University of L'Aquila and the recipient of a cascade funding call within the SAMOTHRACE project. This collaboration involved the comparison between the consolidating systems developed in the present research and the patented product NANOLAQ.At Santa Maria della Grotta, the biological investigations aimed at identifying biodeteriogenic organisms were conducted in collaboration with the Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (CNR-IMM) in Catania, with the contribution of Dr. Maria Antonietta Buccheri, within the framework of the SAMOTHRACE project.Additional collaborations concerning biological analyses were established with Prof. Franco Palla, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, for the analyses performed on samples collected from Sagunto Castle (Valencia, Spain).With regard to earthen materials, mineralogical and petrographic analyses were carried out in collaboration with Prof. Giuseppe Montana, Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo.A research period conducted in collaboration with the Regional Centre for Planning and Restoration (CRPR) of Palermo, operating under the Department of Cultural Heritage and Sicilian Identity of the Sicilian Regional Government, focused on the in situ application of controlled-release biocidal systems at the monumental cloister fountain of Santa Maria di Gesù (Palermo). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments on stone substrates affected by biodeterioration processes.A further research period, carried out in collaboration with the Lilibeo Archaeological Park, was dedicated to non-invasive diagnostic investigations and the in situ application of consolidating systems at the monumental complex of Santa Maria della Grotta, followed by long-term monitoring to evaluate the performance of the treatments over time.Part of the research was also carried out at the Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences of Vilnius University (Lithuania) and at the Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), University of Valencia (Spain). These research experiences provided valuable opportunities to broaden the scientific perspective of the project and to establish collaborations with international research groups working on advanced materials for cultural heritage conservation. Overall, the collaborations established with universities, research institutions, and cultural heritage organizations represented a fundamental component of the interdisciplinary nature of this research, enabling the experimental validation of the developed materials under real archaeological conditions.This thesis is organized into five chapters.Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical framework of the research, outlining the main conservation issues affecting archaeological materials and reviewing the current state of the art concerning consolidating and biocidal systems employed in the conservation of cultural heritage.Chapter 2 describes the design and development of nanostructured systems based on alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles (Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, and Mg(OH)₂), including the study of the stability of the developed hydroalcoholic formulations.Chapter 3 focuses on the conservation of wall paintings located in hypogean environments. Following the laboratory experimentation, which included the preparation and treatment of representative mock-up specimens and the evaluation of the developed systems through accelerated ageing tests, the chapter presents the results of the in situ applications carried out at the case studies of Santa Maria della Grotta, the Hypogeum of Crispia Salvia, and the underground church of Sotterra.Chapter 4 addresses the conservation of earthen architectural materials by presenting the laboratory tests performed on representative specimens, including accelerated ageing experiments, together with the in situ applications carried out at the archaeological site of Solunto and Sagunto Castle.Chapter 5 is devoted to the development of controlled-release biocidal systems based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with essential oils and their application to stone substrates affected by biodeterioration, with particular reference to the cloister fountain of Santa Maria di Gesù (Palermo) and the stone surfaces of Sagunto Castle. Finally, the Concluding Remarks discuss the overall outcomes of the research, highlighting the potential of nanostructured systems for the conservation of archaeological heritage and outlining future research perspectives for the development of sustainable and durable conservation strategies. Details concerning the analytical techniques and instrumentation employed throughout the research are provided in the Appendix.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/373676
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-373676