Graphene-based electrolyte-gated field-effect devices have emerged as promising platforms for label-free biosensing owing to their high carrier mobility, large surface-to-volume ratio, and strong sensitivity to electrolyte-mediated carrier modulation and interfacial transport perturbations. In particular, graphene electric double-layer transistors (GEDLTs) enable enhanced coupling between the electrolyte and graphene channel through nanometer-scale electric double-layer capacitance, allowing sensitive electrical detection of biomolecular interactions under liquid-gated conditions. However, the coupled influence of ionic screening, biomolecular adsorption, interfacial charge redistribution, and carrier transport on the sensing response remains insufficiently understood. In particular, the relationship between adsorption-induced interfacial perturbations and transport behaviour in graphene biosensors requires further physical clarification. This thesis investigates the sensing mechanisms of graphene electric double-layer transistors for label-free biomarker detection through experimental characterization, continuum electrostatic analysis, and atomistic adsorption modelling. Experimental investigation, supported by modelling-assisted interpretation, was employed to examine coupled transport and interfacial sensing phenomena occurring near the graphene–electrolyte interface. Continuum electrostatic analysis was employed to investigate electric double-layer formation, ionic screening, and electrolyte-mediated carrier modulation in graphene transistor structures. The simulations supported interpretation of the sensing behaviour under varying electrolyte and pH conditions, demonstrating that electrolyte-gated graphene transistors exhibit strong sensitivity to local interfacial transport perturbations because of the high electric double-layer capacitance. The analysis indicated that electrolyte conditions and ionic screening strongly influence carrier modulation near the graphene surface. Experimental characterization of human serum albumin sensing revealed systematic evolution of the transfer characteristics, transconductance, carrier mobility, and transport broadening with increasing biomolecular concentration. The graphene electric double-layer transistor platform exhibited concentration-dependent electrical response with a calculated limit of detection of 0.0087 mg mL⁻¹. The sensing response demonstrated that biomolecular adsorption modifies not only carrier density but also the graphene transport uniformity through adsorption-induced disorder and carrier scattering effects. Brownian Dynamics simulations were employed to support interpretation of the sensing response. The atomistic analysis revealed that albumin adsorption occurs through heterogeneous molecular orientations and dynamically distributed adsorption configurations rather than a single preferred adsorption geometry. Different adsorption states generated spatially varying interfacial perturbations near the graphene surface, providing physical insight into the observed transport broadening and mobility suppression during sensing. The combined experimental and modelling-assisted analysis demonstrates that graphene electric double-layer transistor biosensors operate through coupled ionic, adsorption-induced, and transport-mediated interfacial mechanisms spanning continuum and atomistic scales. These findings indicate that transport-sensitive analysis provides a physically meaningful approach for interpreting adsorption-induced disorder and heterogeneous biomolecular interactions in electrolyte-gated graphene biosensors. Overall, this thesis provides a physically grounded understanding of coupled transport and interfacial sensing mechanisms in graphene-based label-free biosensors.
I dispositivi a effetto di campo al grafene con gate elettrolitico rappresentano una promettente piattaforma per il biosensing label-free grazie all'elevata mobilità dei portatori, all'ampio rapporto superficie/volume e alla notevole sensibilità alla modulazione dei portatori mediata dall'elettrolita e alle perturbazioni del trasporto interfacciale. In particolare, i transistor al grafene a doppio strato elettrico (GEDLT) consentono un efficace accoppiamento tra l'elettrolita e il canale di grafene attraverso la capacità del doppio strato elettrico su scala nanometrica, permettendo il rilevamento elettrico sensibile di interazioni biomolecolari in condizioni di gate liquido. Tuttavia, il contributo combinato dello schermaggio ionico, dell'adsorbimento biomolecolare, della ridistribuzione della carica interfacciale e del trasporto dei portatori alla risposta del sensore non è ancora pienamente compreso. Questa tesi analizza i meccanismi di rilevamento dei transistor al grafene a doppio strato elettrico per la rivelazione label-free di biomarcatori mediante caratterizzazione sperimentale, analisi elettrostatica continua e modellazione atomistica dell'adsorbimento. Le misure sperimentali, supportate dalla modellazione, sono state utilizzate per studiare i fenomeni accoppiati di trasporto e di interazione all'interfaccia grafene-elettrolita. L'analisi elettrostatica continua ha consentito di investigare la formazione del doppio strato elettrico, lo schermaggio ionico e la modulazione dei portatori indotta dall'elettrolita. Le simulazioni hanno permesso di interpretare il comportamento sperimentale osservato in diverse condizioni di elettrolita e di pH, dimostrando che i transistor al grafene con gate elettrolitico presentano un'elevata sensibilità alle perturbazioni locali del trasporto grazie all'elevata capacità del doppio strato elettrico. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato che le condizioni dell'elettrolita e lo schermaggio ionico influenzano in modo significativo la modulazione dei portatori in prossimità della superficie del grafene. La caratterizzazione sperimentale del rilevamento dell'albumina sierica umana ha mostrato un'evoluzione sistematica delle caratteristiche di trasferimento, della transconduttanza, della mobilità dei portatori e dell'allargamento del trasporto all'aumentare della concentrazione biomolecolare. La piattaforma GEDLT ha evidenziato una risposta elettrica dipendente dalla concentrazione, con un limite di rilevazione di 0,0087 mg mL⁻¹. I risultati dimostrano che l'adsorbimento biomolecolare modifica non solo la densità dei portatori, ma anche l'uniformità del trasporto nel grafene attraverso il disordine indotto dall'adsorbimento e la diffusione dei portatori. Le simulazioni di Brownian Dynamics hanno inoltre evidenziato che l'adsorbimento dell'albumina avviene mediante orientazioni molecolari eterogenee e configurazioni dinamiche di adsorbimento, generando perturbazioni interfacciali spazialmente variabili che spiegano l'allargamento del trasporto e la riduzione della mobilità osservati sperimentalmente. Nel complesso, questa tesi dimostra che i biosensori basati su transistor al grafene a doppio strato elettrico operano attraverso meccanismi interfacciali accoppiati di natura ionica, indotti dall'adsorbimento e mediati dal trasporto, fornendo una comprensione fisicamente fondata dei meccanismi di trasporto e di rilevamento interfacciale nei biosensori al grafene label-free.
Transistor al Grafene a Doppio Strato Elettrico per la Rilevazione Label-Free di Biomarcatori
LIAQUAT, ARSLAN
2026
Abstract
Graphene-based electrolyte-gated field-effect devices have emerged as promising platforms for label-free biosensing owing to their high carrier mobility, large surface-to-volume ratio, and strong sensitivity to electrolyte-mediated carrier modulation and interfacial transport perturbations. In particular, graphene electric double-layer transistors (GEDLTs) enable enhanced coupling between the electrolyte and graphene channel through nanometer-scale electric double-layer capacitance, allowing sensitive electrical detection of biomolecular interactions under liquid-gated conditions. However, the coupled influence of ionic screening, biomolecular adsorption, interfacial charge redistribution, and carrier transport on the sensing response remains insufficiently understood. In particular, the relationship between adsorption-induced interfacial perturbations and transport behaviour in graphene biosensors requires further physical clarification. This thesis investigates the sensing mechanisms of graphene electric double-layer transistors for label-free biomarker detection through experimental characterization, continuum electrostatic analysis, and atomistic adsorption modelling. Experimental investigation, supported by modelling-assisted interpretation, was employed to examine coupled transport and interfacial sensing phenomena occurring near the graphene–electrolyte interface. Continuum electrostatic analysis was employed to investigate electric double-layer formation, ionic screening, and electrolyte-mediated carrier modulation in graphene transistor structures. The simulations supported interpretation of the sensing behaviour under varying electrolyte and pH conditions, demonstrating that electrolyte-gated graphene transistors exhibit strong sensitivity to local interfacial transport perturbations because of the high electric double-layer capacitance. The analysis indicated that electrolyte conditions and ionic screening strongly influence carrier modulation near the graphene surface. Experimental characterization of human serum albumin sensing revealed systematic evolution of the transfer characteristics, transconductance, carrier mobility, and transport broadening with increasing biomolecular concentration. The graphene electric double-layer transistor platform exhibited concentration-dependent electrical response with a calculated limit of detection of 0.0087 mg mL⁻¹. The sensing response demonstrated that biomolecular adsorption modifies not only carrier density but also the graphene transport uniformity through adsorption-induced disorder and carrier scattering effects. Brownian Dynamics simulations were employed to support interpretation of the sensing response. The atomistic analysis revealed that albumin adsorption occurs through heterogeneous molecular orientations and dynamically distributed adsorption configurations rather than a single preferred adsorption geometry. Different adsorption states generated spatially varying interfacial perturbations near the graphene surface, providing physical insight into the observed transport broadening and mobility suppression during sensing. The combined experimental and modelling-assisted analysis demonstrates that graphene electric double-layer transistor biosensors operate through coupled ionic, adsorption-induced, and transport-mediated interfacial mechanisms spanning continuum and atomistic scales. These findings indicate that transport-sensitive analysis provides a physically meaningful approach for interpreting adsorption-induced disorder and heterogeneous biomolecular interactions in electrolyte-gated graphene biosensors. Overall, this thesis provides a physically grounded understanding of coupled transport and interfacial sensing mechanisms in graphene-based label-free biosensors.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/374978
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-374978