The use of non-natural amino acids (AAs), such as β-AAs, to produce peptidomimetics is becoming very attractive, as they are sequences with the same biological activity as the natural peptides but with enhanced proteolytic and conformational stability. In addition, the ability of peptidomimetics containing non-coded AAs to self-assemble and self-organize allows their use in wide and variable applications, from nanomedicine to electrochemistry and catalysis, as well as for bioelectronic materials. This versatility of peptidomimetics makes them an exceptional tool for the design of novel materials. This Thesis focuses on the synthesis of peptidomimetics containing non-natural β-AAs. The main inspiration was an unnatural fluorine-substituted β2,3-diarylAA, synthesized for the first time in our laboratory, by a stereoselective Mannich-like reaction. The presence of an additional carbon atom in the β-AA backbone can give rise to four possible stereoisomers. For this reason, it is also feasible to play with the stereochemistry of the β-AA, obtaining different peptidomimetics and accordingly nanostructures. Different non-natural AAs were synthesized, showing the ability of α,β-peptides to self-assemble into different supramolecular structures. This Thesis provides an in-depth analysis of various peptidomimetic applications, aiming to contribute to the understanding of the impact of the molecular design on the corresponding functional performances. Therefore, a rational molecular design can be used to develop advanced peptide-based systems with multifunctional properties. Peptidomimetics were studied from their ability to act as antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Their biological activity was examined towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as a bacteriophage virus. The dependence of the antimicrobial activity on stereochemistry, self-assembly, and the chemical nature of the antimicrobial moiety, demonstrated the structure-function relationship of peptidomimetics. Additionally, drug delivery systems were developed by combining peptide–drug coassemblies with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels for controlled antimicrobial release. The release of curcumin (CUR) as model was analyzed from electrically responsive wound-dressing platforms, demonstrating the effective controlled release of CUR. Furthermore, this Thesis explores the conductive properties of peptidomimetics for the engineering of conductive devices. It was found that the introduction of an electroresponsive peptide in the conducting polymer (CP) PEDOT, has a positive impact in the development of peptide-based electrodes, enhancing conductivity and sensitivity, as well as amplifying the peptide electrical response. PEDOT/peptide electrodes were used as biosensors to detect Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), an important biomarker for diagnosing infection diseases. Additionally, multilayered electrodes, where the intermediate peptide film act as dielectrics connecting in parallel the two PEDOT layers, demonstrated effectiveness as electrodes for electrochemical symmetric supercapacitors. In summary, we demonstrated that the incorporation of peptidomimetics in the field of bioelectronics opens new avenues for biomedical applications.
L'uso di amminoacidi (AA) non naturali, tra i quali i β-AA, per la sintesi di peptidomimetici riscuote sempre più interesse, poiché si tratta di sequenze con la stessa attività biologica dei peptidi naturali ma con una maggiore stabilità proteolitica e conformazionale. Inoltre, la capacità dei peptidicos’ come dei peptidomimetici contenenti AA non codificati di autoassemblarsi e auto-organizzarsi consente il loro uso in differenti applicazioni, quali la nanomedicina, l'elettrochimica e la catalisi, nonché la preparazione di materiali bioelettronici. Pertanto, la versatilità dei peptidomimetici li rende uno strumento eccezionale per la progettazione di nuovi materiali. Questa Tesi si focalizza sulla sintesi di peptidomimetici contenenti β-AA non naturali prendendo spunto da un fluoro-β2,3-diaril-AA, sintetizzato per la prima volta nel nostro laboratorio mediante una reazione stereoselettiva mediante una reazione “Mannich-like”. La presenza di un atomo di carbonio aggiuntivo nello scheletro del β-AA può dare origine a quattro possibili stereoisomeri, due diastereoisomeri ciascuno in forma racemica. Giocando con la stereochimica del β-AA e combinando il β-AA con -amminoacidi naturali, sono stati ottenuti diversi peptidomimetici caratterizzati da diverse conformazioni. Sfruttando le diverse lunghezze dei peptidi e le loro conformazioni, è stata dimostrata la capacità dei α,β-peptidi di autoassemblarsi in diverse strutture supramolecolari. Questa Tesi si focalizza su varie applicazioni utilizzando i suddetti peptidomimeti, anche con l'obiettivo di contribuire alla comprensione dell'impatto della progettazione del peptidomimetico alla base delle prestazioni funzionali del nanomateriale. Pertanto, è stato possibile sviluppare sistemi peptidi con apposite proprietà finalizzate ad applicazioni specifiche di seguito riassunte. I peptidomimetici sono stati studiati per la loro capacità di agire come peptidi antimicrobici (AMP). La loro attività biologica è stata esaminata nei confronti di batteri Gram-positivi e Gram-negativi, nonché di un virus batteriofago. La dipendenza dell'attività antimicrobica dalla stereochimica, dall'autoassemblaggio e dalla natura chimica della frazione antimicrobica ha dimostrato la relazione struttura-funzione dei peptidomimetici. In una successiva applicazione, è stato sviluppato un sistema di “drug delivery”, combinando coassemblaggi peptide–farmaco con un idrogel basato sulla carbossimetilcellulosa (CMC). Utilizzando come farmaco antimicrobico modello la curcumina (CUR), è stata dimostrata la capacità della nostra piattaforma di rilasciare il farmaco in modo controllato mediante uno stimolo elettrico. In ulteriori applicazioni, sono state esplorate le proprietà conduttive dei peptidomimetici ai fini dello sviluppo di dispositivi conduttivi. Essi sono basati sul polimero conduttore (CP) PEDOT, che è stato implementato mediante l’utilizzo di peptidomimetici con proprietà conduttive. Tale combinazione ha avuto un impatto positivo nello sviluppo di elettrodi a base peptidica, migliorando la conduttività e la sensibilità, nonché amplificando la risposta elettrica. Gli elettrodi PEDOT/peptidici sono stati utilizzati come biosensori per rilevare il NADH, un importante biomarcatore per la diagnosi delle malattie infettive. In una seconda applicazione, sono stati progettati elettrodi per supercondensatori elettrochimici simmetrici basati sull’uso del peptidomimetico come “pellicola intermedia” che collega in parallelo due strati di PEDOT. E’ stata quindi dimostrata l’efficacia della presenza del peptide nelle performance dell’elettrodo. Possiamo quindi affermare che l'integrazione dei peptidomimetici nel campo della bioelettronica apre nuove strade per le applicazioni biomediche.
Synthesis of non-natural amino acids, peptidomimetics, and electrochemical characterization of the structures obtained by self-assembly
QUINTANA ROMERO, DULCE ALITZEL
2026
Abstract
The use of non-natural amino acids (AAs), such as β-AAs, to produce peptidomimetics is becoming very attractive, as they are sequences with the same biological activity as the natural peptides but with enhanced proteolytic and conformational stability. In addition, the ability of peptidomimetics containing non-coded AAs to self-assemble and self-organize allows their use in wide and variable applications, from nanomedicine to electrochemistry and catalysis, as well as for bioelectronic materials. This versatility of peptidomimetics makes them an exceptional tool for the design of novel materials. This Thesis focuses on the synthesis of peptidomimetics containing non-natural β-AAs. The main inspiration was an unnatural fluorine-substituted β2,3-diarylAA, synthesized for the first time in our laboratory, by a stereoselective Mannich-like reaction. The presence of an additional carbon atom in the β-AA backbone can give rise to four possible stereoisomers. For this reason, it is also feasible to play with the stereochemistry of the β-AA, obtaining different peptidomimetics and accordingly nanostructures. Different non-natural AAs were synthesized, showing the ability of α,β-peptides to self-assemble into different supramolecular structures. This Thesis provides an in-depth analysis of various peptidomimetic applications, aiming to contribute to the understanding of the impact of the molecular design on the corresponding functional performances. Therefore, a rational molecular design can be used to develop advanced peptide-based systems with multifunctional properties. Peptidomimetics were studied from their ability to act as antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Their biological activity was examined towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as a bacteriophage virus. The dependence of the antimicrobial activity on stereochemistry, self-assembly, and the chemical nature of the antimicrobial moiety, demonstrated the structure-function relationship of peptidomimetics. Additionally, drug delivery systems were developed by combining peptide–drug coassemblies with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels for controlled antimicrobial release. The release of curcumin (CUR) as model was analyzed from electrically responsive wound-dressing platforms, demonstrating the effective controlled release of CUR. Furthermore, this Thesis explores the conductive properties of peptidomimetics for the engineering of conductive devices. It was found that the introduction of an electroresponsive peptide in the conducting polymer (CP) PEDOT, has a positive impact in the development of peptide-based electrodes, enhancing conductivity and sensitivity, as well as amplifying the peptide electrical response. PEDOT/peptide electrodes were used as biosensors to detect Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), an important biomarker for diagnosing infection diseases. Additionally, multilayered electrodes, where the intermediate peptide film act as dielectrics connecting in parallel the two PEDOT layers, demonstrated effectiveness as electrodes for electrochemical symmetric supercapacitors. In summary, we demonstrated that the incorporation of peptidomimetics in the field of bioelectronics opens new avenues for biomedical applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/375257
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-375257