This doctoral project, conducted in collaboration with G2B.srl, focuses on the development of innovative and sustainable analytical strategies for plant-derived compounds, aiming to combine scientific research with industrial application. Natural products, widely used across pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, and other sectors, present complex chemical matrices that challenge conventional analytical techniques. Accurate characterization and quantification of their bioactive or pigment components is essential for ensuring product quality and for enabling the valorization of plant resources and the development of environmentally responsible practices. The first research line addressed industrially produced natural indigo, a pigment historically obtained from Indigofera, Isatis, and Persicaria species. Its primary chromophores, indigotin and indirubin, determine the color and quality of the final product. The project explored methodologies capable of providing reliable and reproducible quantification of these components while remaining applicable in industrial contexts. Beyond quality control, the work contributed to a deeper understanding of the chemical composition and properties of natural indigo, highlighting differences between industrially produced pigments and synthetic alternatives. This approach demonstrates how analytical research can directly support sustainable and standardized production practices, ensuring consistency and promoting high-value natural products. The second research line focused on the characterization of extracts from rosemary, sage, tagetes, cosmos, horsetail, and helichrysum. These extracts were obtained using both conventional solvents and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES), an emerging class of green solvents characterized by low environmental impact, biodegradability, and versatility. This dual functionality is a key advantage of NaDES, as they can be used for both extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds. Extracts characterization was performed using chromatographic and electrochemical techniques, since electrochemical methods allow faster and more straightforward characterization of bioactive compounds compared to conventional analytical approaches. Given the limited literature on electrochemical behavior in NaDES, characterization of the solvent itself was carried out using techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry on redox probes and natural compounds like quercetin and gallic acid to simulate the extract obtained from plants. A major focus was on overcoming significant challenges in the reproducibility of measurements, an issue scarcely reported in the literature. These investigations enabled the identification of suitable analytical parameters and conditions for the reliable quantification of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, demonstrating that sustainable solvents can be effectively applied in complex plant matrices. Overall, this work represents a comprehensive effort to bridge fundamental research and practical applications. It demonstrates that methodological innovation in analytical chemistry can provide tangible benefits, from characterizing historically significant pigments such as indigo to enabling the study of diverse bioactive plant extracts, combining scientific rigor with industrial relevance.
Questo progetto di dottorato, condotto in collaborazione con G2B.srl, si concentra sullo sviluppo di strategie analitiche innovative e sostenibili per lo studio di composti di origine vegetale, con l’obiettivo di coniugare la ricerca scientifica con l’applicazione industriale. I prodotti naturali, ampiamente utilizzati nei settori farmaceutico, cosmetico, tessile e in molti altri ambiti, presentano matrici chimiche complesse che pongono notevoli sfide alle tecniche analitiche convenzionali. Un’accurata caratterizzazione e quantificazione dei loro componenti bioattivi è essenziale per garantire la qualità dei prodotti, valorizzare le risorse vegetali e promuovere pratiche produttive rispettose dell’ambiente. La prima parte del progetto di ricerca ha riguardato l’indaco naturale prodotto industrialmente, un pigmento storicamente ottenuto da specie appartenenti ai generi Indigofera, Isatis e Persicaria. I suoi principali cromofori, indigotina e indirubina, determinano il colore e la qualità del prodotto finale. Il progetto ha esplorato metodologie in grado di fornire una quantificazione affidabile e riproducibile di questi componenti, mantenendo al contempo un’applicabilità in contesti industriali. Oltre al controllo qualità, il lavoro ha contribuito a una più approfondita comprensione della composizione chimica e delle proprietà dell’indaco naturale, evidenziando le differenze tra i pigmenti di origine naturale e le alternative sintetiche. Questo approccio dimostra come la ricerca analitica possa supportare pratiche produttive sostenibili e standardizzate, promuovendo prodotti naturali di alto valore. La seconda parte del progetto si è concentrata sulla caratterizzazione di estratti ottenuti da piante aromatiche o colorate. Gli estratti sono stati ottenuti sia con solventi convenzionali sia con NaDES (natural deep eutectic solvents), una classe emergente di solventi caratterizzati da basso impatto ambientale e biodegradabilità. Una caratteristica distintiva dei NaDES è la loro duplice funzionalità, poiché possono essere utilizzati sia per l’estrazione sia per la caratterizzazione dei composti bioattivi. La caratterizzazione degli estratti è stata effettuata mediante tecniche cromatografiche ed elettrochimiche, poiché i metodi elettrochimici consentono un’analisi più rapida dei composti bioattivi rispetto agli approcci tradizionali. Considerata la limitata letteratura disponibile sul comportamento elettrochimico dei NaDES, è stata condotta anche la caratterizzazione del solvente stesso, utilizzando tecniche quali la spettroscopia di impedenza elettrochimica e la voltammetria ciclica su sonde redox e composti naturali come la quercetina e l’acido gallico, al fine di simulare l’estratto vegetale. Un’attenzione particolare è stata dedicata al superamento delle problematiche legate alla riproducibilità delle misure, un aspetto raramente trattato in letteratura. Queste indagini hanno permesso di individuare parametri e condizioni analitiche idonee per la quantificazione affidabile dei polifenoli e di altri composti bioattivi, dimostrando che solventi sostenibili possono essere efficacemente applicati a matrici vegetali. Nel complesso, questo lavoro rappresenta un impegno volto a colmare il divario tra ricerca fondamentale e applicazioni pratiche. Esso dimostra come l’innovazione metodologica in chimica analitica possa offrire benefici concreti, dalla caratterizzazione di pigmenti, allo studio di estratti vegetali bioattivi.
Nuovi approcci nella caratterizzazione e quantificazione di composti derivanti da piante
FRIGNANI, ELIA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral project, conducted in collaboration with G2B.srl, focuses on the development of innovative and sustainable analytical strategies for plant-derived compounds, aiming to combine scientific research with industrial application. Natural products, widely used across pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, and other sectors, present complex chemical matrices that challenge conventional analytical techniques. Accurate characterization and quantification of their bioactive or pigment components is essential for ensuring product quality and for enabling the valorization of plant resources and the development of environmentally responsible practices. The first research line addressed industrially produced natural indigo, a pigment historically obtained from Indigofera, Isatis, and Persicaria species. Its primary chromophores, indigotin and indirubin, determine the color and quality of the final product. The project explored methodologies capable of providing reliable and reproducible quantification of these components while remaining applicable in industrial contexts. Beyond quality control, the work contributed to a deeper understanding of the chemical composition and properties of natural indigo, highlighting differences between industrially produced pigments and synthetic alternatives. This approach demonstrates how analytical research can directly support sustainable and standardized production practices, ensuring consistency and promoting high-value natural products. The second research line focused on the characterization of extracts from rosemary, sage, tagetes, cosmos, horsetail, and helichrysum. These extracts were obtained using both conventional solvents and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES), an emerging class of green solvents characterized by low environmental impact, biodegradability, and versatility. This dual functionality is a key advantage of NaDES, as they can be used for both extraction and characterization of bioactive compounds. Extracts characterization was performed using chromatographic and electrochemical techniques, since electrochemical methods allow faster and more straightforward characterization of bioactive compounds compared to conventional analytical approaches. Given the limited literature on electrochemical behavior in NaDES, characterization of the solvent itself was carried out using techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry on redox probes and natural compounds like quercetin and gallic acid to simulate the extract obtained from plants. A major focus was on overcoming significant challenges in the reproducibility of measurements, an issue scarcely reported in the literature. These investigations enabled the identification of suitable analytical parameters and conditions for the reliable quantification of polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, demonstrating that sustainable solvents can be effectively applied in complex plant matrices. Overall, this work represents a comprehensive effort to bridge fundamental research and practical applications. It demonstrates that methodological innovation in analytical chemistry can provide tangible benefits, from characterizing historically significant pigments such as indigo to enabling the study of diverse bioactive plant extracts, combining scientific rigor with industrial relevance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/375638
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-375638