Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium native to the Americas, poses a major threat to global agriculture, currently devastating olive groves in Southern Italy. Its main European vector, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius, transmits X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca (ST53). Conventional control measures, such as quarantines, sanitation, uprooting, and pesticide use, have proven largely ineffective and often harmful to ecosystems. Thus, sustainable alternatives are needed to disrupt vector–host interactions and reduce pathogen transmission. This dissertation investigates how plant traits and environmental stressors influence vector behavior during host selection and acceptance, aiming to identify manipulable factors that could mitigate disease spread. The work begins with a conceptual synthesis of behavioral manipulation as a multimodal strategy to interfere with the sensory cues, i.e. visual, olfactory, and gustatory, guiding host selection by vectors. The review highlights major knowledge gaps concerning how P. spumarius locates and accepts host plants, and proposes integrating behavioral manipulation with existing pest management tools to disrupt vector–plant interactions. The second chapter experimentally tests whether P. spumarius shows a preference for X. fastidiosa-susceptible olive varieties. Using behavioral assays, survival analysis, Electropenetrography (EPG), microscopy, and xylem metabolite profiling, the study compares the susceptible Ogliarola Salentina with tolerant varieties Leccino and FS-17. Spittlebugs displayed a marked preference for Ogliarola, engaging in longer xylem ingestion phases. These differences were linked to xylem chemical composition rather than vascular anatomy, indicating that metabolite profiles play a key role in host suitability. Building on this, the third chapter explores chemical determinants of host acceptability through combined metabolomics and behavioral analyses. Four olive varieties (Coratina, FS-17, Leccino, and Ogliarola) were screened, followed by a broader comparison across 14 varieties. Several metabolites correlated with feeding behavior: glutamine, malic acid, and daucic acid acted as feeding stimulants, while gluconic acid, salidroside, oleuropein diglucoside, and D-manno-2-heptulose deterred feeding. These results suggest that modifying xylem chemistry through breeding or agronomic practices could reduce host attractiveness and pathogen spread. Chapter four introduces a plant suitability index, integrating multiple EPG-derived variables to assess olive genotype susceptibility to spittlebugs. Applied to 14 varieties common in Apulia, the index identified Leccino, Leccio del Corno, Pendolino, and Arbequina as less suitable hosts, implying a limited role in disease transmission. This integrative framework provides a predictive tool linking vector behavior, host resistance, and epidemiological risk. The final chapter examines how water stress, a factor increasingly relevant under climate change, modulates vector–plant interactions in Leccino and Ogliarola. Under three water regimes, results showed that Leccino’s spittlebug feeding increased under severe stress, while Ogliarola’s remained stable. Metabolomic analyses revealed that Ogliarola maintained consistent chemistry across treatments, whereas Leccino’s xylem profile shifted markedly with stress intensity. These findings connect environmental stress, plant metabolism, and vector behavior, emphasizing their combined influence on disease dynamics. Overall, the dissertation demonstrates that resistance to X. fastidiosa arises from complex interactions between plant physiology, insect behavior, and environmental conditions. It provides conceptual and methodological tools to quantify and enhance this resistance through varietal selection, management practices, and behavioral manipulation strategies targeting the vector.
Xylella fastidiosa Xf, un batterio limitato ai vasi xilematici e originario delle Americhe, rappresenta una grave minaccia per l’agricoltura mondiale e sta attualmente devastando gli oliveti dell’Italia meridionale. Il principale vettore europeo, Philaenus spumarius, trasmette Xf subsp. pauca (ST53). Le misure di controllo convenzionali, quali quarantene, sanificazioni, estirpazioni e uso di pesticidi, si sono rivelate in gran parte inefficaci e potenzialmente dannose per gli ecosistemi. È pertanto necessario sviluppare strategie sostenibili in grado di interferire con le interazioni tra vettore e pianta ospite, riducendo la trasmissione del patogeno. Questa tesi indaga come i tratti vegetali e i fattori ambientali influenzino il comportamento del vettore durante la selezione e l’accettazione dell’ospite, con l’obiettivo di identificare fattori manipolabili per mitigare la diffusione della malattia. La tesi inizia con una sintesi concettuale della manipolazione comportamentale come strategia multimodale volta a interferire con i segnali sensoriali che guidano la localizzazione e l’accettazione dell’ospite da parte dei vettori. La revisione evidenzia le principali lacune conoscitive riguardo ai meccanismi con cui P. spumarius individua e accetta le piante ospiti e propone di integrare la manipolazione comportamentale con gli strumenti della difesa integrata per interrompere le interazioni vettore–pianta. Il secondo capitolo verifica sperimentalmente se P. spumarius mostri una preferenza per varietà di olivo suscettibili a Xf. Attraverso saggi di scelta, analisi di sopravvivenza, Elettropenetrografia (EPG), microscopia e profilazione dei metaboliti xilematici, lo studio confronta la varietà suscettibile Ogliarola con le varietà tolleranti Leccino e FS-17. Le sputacchine hanno mostrato una marcata preferenza per Ogliarola, con periodi di ingestione di linfa più lunghi. Le differenze osservate sono risultate associate principalmente alla composizione chimica dello xilema piuttosto che all’anatomia vascolare, suggerendo che il profilo metabolico giochi un ruolo determinante nella definizione dell’idoneità dell’ospite. Il terzo capitolo approfondisce i determinanti chimici dell’accettabilità dell’ospite, combinando analisi comportamentali e metabolomiche. Quattro varietà di olivo sono state analizzate, seguite da un confronto esteso a 14 varietà. Diversi metaboliti sono risultati significativamente associati al comportamento di alimentazione, agendo sia come stimolanti sia come deterrenti del feeding. I risultati suggeriscono che la modifica della chimica xilematica, attraverso la selezione genetica o pratiche agronomiche, possa ridurre l’attrattività delle piante e limitare la diffusione del patogeno. Il quarto capitolo valuta l’idoneità di diverse varietà di olivo diffuse in Puglia come ospiti per le sputacchine. Applicato a 14 varietà diffuse in Puglia, l’indice di idoneità ha identificato Leccino, Leccio del Corno, Pendolino e Arbequina come ospiti meno idonei, suggerendo un ruolo limitato nella trasmissione del patogeno. Questo approccio offre uno strumento predittivo utile a collegare comportamento del vettore, resistenza della pianta e rischio epidemiologico. L’ultimo capitolo analizza l’effetto dello stress idrico sulle interazioni vettore–pianta nelle varietà Leccino e Ogliarola. Sotto tre regimi idrici, i risultati hanno mostrato che l’alimentazione della sputacchina aumentava in condizioni di stress severo su Leccino, mentre rimaneva stabile su Ogliarola. Le analisi metabolomiche hanno evidenziato un profilo chimico stabile in Ogliarola e variazioni marcate in Leccino in funzione dell’intensità dello stress. In sintesi, la tesi evidenzia che la resistenza a Xf deriva dall’interazione tra pianta, insetto e ambiente, offrendo approcci per comprenderla e rafforzarla tramite selezione varietale, gestione agronomica e manipolazione comportamentale del vettore.
Elucidating Overlooked Aspects of the Tripartite Interaction Philaenus spumarius-Xylella fastidiosa-Host Plant for a Sustainable Bacterium Control
HAMOUCHE, ZEINAB
2026
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited bacterium native to the Americas, poses a major threat to global agriculture, currently devastating olive groves in Southern Italy. Its main European vector, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius, transmits X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca (ST53). Conventional control measures, such as quarantines, sanitation, uprooting, and pesticide use, have proven largely ineffective and often harmful to ecosystems. Thus, sustainable alternatives are needed to disrupt vector–host interactions and reduce pathogen transmission. This dissertation investigates how plant traits and environmental stressors influence vector behavior during host selection and acceptance, aiming to identify manipulable factors that could mitigate disease spread. The work begins with a conceptual synthesis of behavioral manipulation as a multimodal strategy to interfere with the sensory cues, i.e. visual, olfactory, and gustatory, guiding host selection by vectors. The review highlights major knowledge gaps concerning how P. spumarius locates and accepts host plants, and proposes integrating behavioral manipulation with existing pest management tools to disrupt vector–plant interactions. The second chapter experimentally tests whether P. spumarius shows a preference for X. fastidiosa-susceptible olive varieties. Using behavioral assays, survival analysis, Electropenetrography (EPG), microscopy, and xylem metabolite profiling, the study compares the susceptible Ogliarola Salentina with tolerant varieties Leccino and FS-17. Spittlebugs displayed a marked preference for Ogliarola, engaging in longer xylem ingestion phases. These differences were linked to xylem chemical composition rather than vascular anatomy, indicating that metabolite profiles play a key role in host suitability. Building on this, the third chapter explores chemical determinants of host acceptability through combined metabolomics and behavioral analyses. Four olive varieties (Coratina, FS-17, Leccino, and Ogliarola) were screened, followed by a broader comparison across 14 varieties. Several metabolites correlated with feeding behavior: glutamine, malic acid, and daucic acid acted as feeding stimulants, while gluconic acid, salidroside, oleuropein diglucoside, and D-manno-2-heptulose deterred feeding. These results suggest that modifying xylem chemistry through breeding or agronomic practices could reduce host attractiveness and pathogen spread. Chapter four introduces a plant suitability index, integrating multiple EPG-derived variables to assess olive genotype susceptibility to spittlebugs. Applied to 14 varieties common in Apulia, the index identified Leccino, Leccio del Corno, Pendolino, and Arbequina as less suitable hosts, implying a limited role in disease transmission. This integrative framework provides a predictive tool linking vector behavior, host resistance, and epidemiological risk. The final chapter examines how water stress, a factor increasingly relevant under climate change, modulates vector–plant interactions in Leccino and Ogliarola. Under three water regimes, results showed that Leccino’s spittlebug feeding increased under severe stress, while Ogliarola’s remained stable. Metabolomic analyses revealed that Ogliarola maintained consistent chemistry across treatments, whereas Leccino’s xylem profile shifted markedly with stress intensity. These findings connect environmental stress, plant metabolism, and vector behavior, emphasizing their combined influence on disease dynamics. Overall, the dissertation demonstrates that resistance to X. fastidiosa arises from complex interactions between plant physiology, insect behavior, and environmental conditions. It provides conceptual and methodological tools to quantify and enhance this resistance through varietal selection, management practices, and behavioral manipulation strategies targeting the vector.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376947
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-376947