Plant pests and plant pathogens constitute one of the major threats to agricultural production, global food security, and environmental sustainability. Among them, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L. (1758) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is a highly polyphagous, xylem-feeding insect that is widely distributed across Palearctic and Nearctic regions. In European agricultural context, P. spumarius has gained particular relevance following its identification as the primary vector of the invasive plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells (1987) (Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae). Xf is a xylem-limited bacterium native to the Americas, where it is responsible for several economically important plant diseases. The control of its main vector represents one of the most effective measures to limit the spread and impact of the pathogen. The bacterium was officially detected in Europe for the first time in 2013 and has since been reported in several countries across Europe, the Middle East and Asia, affecting a wide range of host plant species. This thesis presents a set of integrated, physiologically based quantitative models developed to describe the phenology, demography and seasonal dynamics of P. spumarius, and to investigate the epidemiology of Xf in European agroecosystems. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the biology of P. spumarius and the epidemiology of Xf, establishing the conceptual background of the thesis. It concludes with a brief review of existing modelling approaches applied to vector population dynamics and Xf epidemiology, identifying the key knowledge gaps addressed during my PhD. Chapter 2 presents a physiologically based phenological model of the vector, formulated using a system of partial differential equations, to describe the temperature-driven development of preimaginal stages of P. spumarius. The model was calibrated and validated using field data from northern and southern Italy. Chapter 3 extends this approach by developing a demographic model aimed at describing the seasonal dynamics and abundance of juvenile and adult vector populations. Chapter 4 presents an empirical study on the seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of the spittlebugs P. spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén, 1805) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) across different vegetation compartments in olive agroecosystems, based on the integration of field observations and remote-sensing data. The models proposed in Chapters 2 and 3, together with the results of Chapter 4, were used to develop an eco-epidemiological model of Xf in olive systems, presented in Chapter 5. This model integrates vector dynamics, vector–host interactions, transmission processes and disease progression as a function of environmental drivers, and was calibrated and validated using outbreak data from Apulia. Chapter 6 presents a simplified version of the model developed in Chapter 5, which was analysed from a mathematical perspective to assess the influence of vector behaviour and management strategies on the epidemiological dynamics of Xf. Finally, Chapter 7 illustrates a novel modelling framework developed to describe Xf infection dynamics in grapevine, explicitly linking within-host processes to environmental and host phenological drivers. The conclusions of the thesis are presented in Chapter 8.
I parassiti e le malattie delle piante rappresentano una delle principali minacce per la produzione agricola, la sicurezza alimentare globale e la sostenibilità ambientale. Tra questi, la sputacchina Philaenus spumarius L. (1758) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) è un insetto succhiatore di linfa xilematica, altamente polifago e ampiamente diffuso nelle regioni Paleartica e Neartica. Nel contesto agricolo europeo, P. spumarius ha acquisito particolare rilevanza a seguito della sua identificazione come principale vettore del batterio fitopatogeno invasivo Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells (1987) (Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae). Xf è un batterio xilematico originario delle Americhe, dove è responsabile di numerose malattie di rilevante importanza economica. Il controllo del suo principale vettore rappresenta una delle più efficaci misure per limitare la diffusione e l’impatto del patogeno. Il batterio è stato rilevato ufficialmente per la prima volta in Europa nel 2013 e, da allora, è stato segnalato in diversi Paesi in Europa, nel Medio Oriente e in Asia, interessando un’ampia gamma di specie vegetali ospiti. In questa tesi si presentano differenti modelli quantitativi a base fisiologica sviluppati per descrivere la fenologia, la demografia e la dinamica stagionale di P. spumarius, nonché per analizzare l’epidemiologia di Xf negli agroecosistemi europei. Il capitolo introduttivo fornisce una panoramica sulla biologia di P. spumarius e sull’epidemiologia di Xf, definendo il contesto del lavoro svolto. Il capitolo si conclude con una sintesi degli approcci modellistici esistenti applicati alla dinamica delle popolazioni del vettore e alla epidemiologia di Xf, evidenziando le principali lacune conoscitive che sono state oggetto di approfondimento nel corso del dottorato. Il Capitolo 2 presenta un modello fenologico a base fisiologica del vettore, formulato mediante un sistema di equazioni alle derivate parziali, per descrivere lo sviluppo degli stadi preimmaginali di P. spumarius in funzione della temperatura ambientale. Il modello è stato calibrato e validato utilizzando dati di campo provenienti dall’Italia settentrionale e meridionale. Il Capitolo 3 estende questo approccio sviluppando un modello demografico volto a descrivere la dinamica stagionale delle popolazioni giovanili e adulte del vettore e a quantificarne l’abbondanza. Il Capitolo 4 presenta uno studio empirico sulla dinamica stagionale e sulla distribuzione spaziale delle sputacchine P. spumarius e Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén, 1805) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) nei diversi comparti vegetazionali degli agroecosistemi olivicoli. Il lavoro si basa sull’integrazione di osservazioni di campo e dati di remote-sensing della vegetazione campionata. I modelli proposti nei Capitoli 2 e 3 e i risultati del Capitolo 4 sono stati utilizzati per sviluppare un modello eco-epidemiologico di Xf nei sistemi olivicoli, presentato nel Capitolo 5. Tale modello integra la dinamica del vettore, le interazioni vettore–ospite, i processi di trasmissione e la progressione della malattia in funzione dei fattori ambientali, ed è stato calibrato e validato mediante dati relativi all’epidemia in Puglia. Nel Capitolo 6 è presentata una versione semplificata del modello del Capitolo 5. Questa versione semplificata è stata analizza nelle sue proprietà matematiche al fine di valutare l’influenza del comportamento del vettore e delle strategie di gestione sulla dinamica epidemiologica di Xf. Nel Capitolo 7, infine, viene illustrato un nuovo approccio modellistico sviluppato per descrivere le dinamiche di infezione di Xf nella vite, collegando esplicitamente i processi intra-ospite ai fattori ambientali e fenologici della pianta. Le conclusioni della tesi sono illustrate nel Capitolo 8.
Eco-Epidemiology of Xylella fastidiosa and the Contribution of the Vector Philaenus spumarius: A Modelling Approach
WEBER, IGOR DANIEL
2026
Abstract
Plant pests and plant pathogens constitute one of the major threats to agricultural production, global food security, and environmental sustainability. Among them, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L. (1758) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is a highly polyphagous, xylem-feeding insect that is widely distributed across Palearctic and Nearctic regions. In European agricultural context, P. spumarius has gained particular relevance following its identification as the primary vector of the invasive plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells (1987) (Proteobacteria: Xanthomonadaceae). Xf is a xylem-limited bacterium native to the Americas, where it is responsible for several economically important plant diseases. The control of its main vector represents one of the most effective measures to limit the spread and impact of the pathogen. The bacterium was officially detected in Europe for the first time in 2013 and has since been reported in several countries across Europe, the Middle East and Asia, affecting a wide range of host plant species. This thesis presents a set of integrated, physiologically based quantitative models developed to describe the phenology, demography and seasonal dynamics of P. spumarius, and to investigate the epidemiology of Xf in European agroecosystems. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the biology of P. spumarius and the epidemiology of Xf, establishing the conceptual background of the thesis. It concludes with a brief review of existing modelling approaches applied to vector population dynamics and Xf epidemiology, identifying the key knowledge gaps addressed during my PhD. Chapter 2 presents a physiologically based phenological model of the vector, formulated using a system of partial differential equations, to describe the temperature-driven development of preimaginal stages of P. spumarius. The model was calibrated and validated using field data from northern and southern Italy. Chapter 3 extends this approach by developing a demographic model aimed at describing the seasonal dynamics and abundance of juvenile and adult vector populations. Chapter 4 presents an empirical study on the seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of the spittlebugs P. spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén, 1805) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) across different vegetation compartments in olive agroecosystems, based on the integration of field observations and remote-sensing data. The models proposed in Chapters 2 and 3, together with the results of Chapter 4, were used to develop an eco-epidemiological model of Xf in olive systems, presented in Chapter 5. This model integrates vector dynamics, vector–host interactions, transmission processes and disease progression as a function of environmental drivers, and was calibrated and validated using outbreak data from Apulia. Chapter 6 presents a simplified version of the model developed in Chapter 5, which was analysed from a mathematical perspective to assess the influence of vector behaviour and management strategies on the epidemiological dynamics of Xf. Finally, Chapter 7 illustrates a novel modelling framework developed to describe Xf infection dynamics in grapevine, explicitly linking within-host processes to environmental and host phenological drivers. The conclusions of the thesis are presented in Chapter 8.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/376993
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-376993