This doctoral thesis is situated within the contemporary debate on the transformation of museums and on the evolving relationships between cultural heritage, territory, and communities, in a context marked by the growing centrality of digitalization and the need for innovative tools for cultural planning and management. Moving beyond the traditional model of the museum as an enclosed space, the research adopts as its theoretical framework the paradigm of the distributed museum and the concept of cultural landscape, understood as complex and relational systems in which material heritage, historical–environmental contexts, and social practices contribute to the construction of shared meanings. The thesis starts from a critical observation: although museological and regulatory discourse, especially since the second half of the twentieth century, has increasingly acknowledged the need for a territorially embedded museum oriented toward community participation, there remains a lack of operational tools capable of translating this vision into systemic methods of analysis applicable both to art-historical research and to the concrete management of cultural heritage. In response to this gap, the research develops an original model of gravitational analysis of cultural hubs, based on a metaphor borrowed from the physical sciences and applied to the interpretation of territorial cultural dynamics. The initial theoretical contribution consists of a critical reconstruction of the evolution of the concept of the museum from the twentieth century to the early twenty-first century. Key moments in the international and Italian museological debate are examined, from interwar museology to postwar developments, from the experiences of the Nouvelle Muséologie to the emergence of ecomuseums and the progressive affirmation of the museum as a social and territorial institution. Particular attention is given to French experiments of the 1970s and to parallel Italian reflections on the museum as a tool for territorial knowledge and as a form of distributed cultural infrastructure. This historical–theoretical framework provides the conceptual foundation for the development of new interpretive tools. The core of the research lies in the development of a model of cultural gravitational analysis. This model approaches the territory as a dynamic system of cultural hubs characterized by different weights and levels of attraction, determined through both quantitative and qualitative parameters. Through the definition of cataloguing criteria, the construction of a structured dataset, the attribution of weights, and the integrated use of tools such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems), the thesis develops an innovative and replicable method for analyzing spatial distribution, historical stratification, and relationships among the various elements of territorial heritage. Cartographic and graphic representations—such as thematic maps, heatmaps, hexagonal maps, and comparative analyses by period and typology—make it possible to visualize processes of continuity, discontinuity, concentration, and dispersion of cultural hubs over time. The application of the model to the case study of the municipal territory of Castelleone di Suasa serves as the empirical testing ground for the research. Characterized by long-term historical stratification and by a contemporary integrated management of museum and archaeological park, the site is analyzed as a complex gravitational system. The analysis highlights the dominant roles of specific historical periods and typologies of hubs, long-term transformations, and the growing weight of the contemporary period in reshaping territorial cultural dynamics. Finally, the research extends its analytical framework to the field of cultural management, demonstrating how the gravitational model can function as an operational tool for activity monitoring, educational programming, communication strategies, audience engagement, digital innovation, and accountability. The Suasa case is thus interpreted as a laboratory of experimentation, in which the mapping of cultural hubs supports strategic decision-making and the construction of a coherent and participatory territorial narrative. The conclusions assess the theoretical robustness and practical effectiveness of the proposed model, emphasizing its capacity to integrate art-historical analysis, digital tools, and cultural management practices. The thesis proposes a new analytical language for cultural heritage that overcomes the divide between research and practice and opens new perspectives for future applications in museological and territorial contexts. Cultural gravitational analysis thus emerges as an original contribution to heritage knowledge, cultural planning, and heritage valorization policies.
La presente tesi di dottorato si colloca nel dibattito contemporaneo sulla trasformazione del museo e sulle nuove relazioni tra patrimonio culturale, territorio e comunità, in un contesto segnato dalla crescente centralità della digitalizzazione e dalla necessità di strumenti innovativi per la pianificazione e la gestione culturale. A partire dal superamento del modello tradizionale di museo come luogo chiuso, la ricerca assume come orizzonte teorico il paradigma del museo diffuso e del paesaggio culturale, intesi come sistemi complessi e relazionali, nei quali beni materiali, contesti storico-ambientali e pratiche sociali concorrono alla costruzione di significati condivisi. La tesi muove da una constatazione critica: se la riflessione museologica e normativa, soprattutto a partire dalla seconda metà del Novecento, ha ampiamente riconosciuto l’esigenza di un museo radicato nel territorio e orientato alla partecipazione delle comunità, risultano ancora carenti strumenti operativi capaci di tradurre tale visione in metodi di analisi sistemica applicabili sia allo studio storico-artistico sia alla gestione concreta dei beni culturali. In risposta a questa lacuna, la ricerca elabora un modello originale di analisi gravitazionale dei poli culturali, fondato su una metafora mutuata dalle scienze fisiche e applicata alla lettura delle dinamiche culturali territoriali. Il contributo teorico iniziale si articola in una ricostruzione critica dell’evoluzione del concetto di museo dal Novecento agli anni Duemila. Vengono analizzati i momenti chiave del dibattito museologico internazionale e italiano, dalla museologia tra le due guerre agli sviluppi del secondo dopoguerra, dalle esperienze della Nouvelle Muséologie fino alla nascita degli ecomusei e alla progressiva affermazione del museo come istituzione sociale e territoriale. Particolare attenzione è riservata alle sperimentazioni francesi degli anni Settanta e alle analoghe riflessioni italiane sul museo come strumento di conoscenza del territorio e presidio culturale diffuso. Questo quadro storico-teorico costituisce il fondamento concettuale per l’elaborazione di nuovi dispositivi interpretativi. Il nucleo centrale della ricerca consiste nell’elaborazione del modello di analisi gravitazionale culturale. Tale modello si propone di leggere il territorio come un sistema dinamico di poli culturali dotati di differenti pesi e capacità attrattive, determinate da parametri quantitativi e qualitativi. Attraverso la definizione di criteri di schedatura, la costruzione di un dataset strutturato, l’attribuzione di pesi e l’uso integrato di strumenti come il GIS (Geographic Information System), la tesi sviluppa un metodo innovativo e replicabile per analizzare la distribuzione spaziale, la stratificazione storica e le relazioni tra i diversi elementi del patrimonio territoriale. Le rappresentazioni cartografiche e grafiche – mappe tematiche, heatmap, mappe esagonali, analisi comparative per epoca e tipologia – consentono di visualizzare fenomeni di continuità, discontinuità, concentrazione e dispersione dei poli culturali nel tempo. L’applicazione del modello al caso di studio del territorio comunale di Castelleone di Suasa costituisce il banco di prova empirico della ricerca. Il sito, caratterizzato da una lunga stratificazione storica e da una gestione contemporanea integrata tra museo e parco archeologico, viene analizzato come sistema gravitazionale complesso. L’analisi mette in evidenza il ruolo dominante di alcune epoche e tipologie di poli, le trasformazioni intervenute nel lungo periodo e il peso crescente dell’età contemporanea nella riconfigurazione delle dinamiche culturali territoriali. La ricerca estende infine l’analisi al tema della gestione culturale, dimostrando come il modello gravitazionale possa tradursi in uno strumento operativo per il monitoraggio delle attività, la programmazione educativa, la comunicazione, la fruizione, l’innovazione digitale e la rendicontabilità. Il caso di Suasa viene così interpretato come laboratorio di sperimentazione, nel quale la mappatura dei poli culturali diventa supporto alle decisioni strategiche e alla costruzione di una narrazione territoriale coerente e partecipata. Le conclusioni verificano la solidità teorica e l’efficacia applicativa del modello proposto, sottolineandone la capacità di integrare analisi storico-artistica, strumenti digitali e pratiche di gestione culturale. La tesi propone un nuovo linguaggio di analisi per il patrimonio, che supera la dicotomia tra ricerca e operatività e apre prospettive per future applicazioni in ambito museologico e territoriale. L’analisi gravitazionale culturale si configura così come un contributo originale per la conoscenza del patrimonio, la progettazione culturale e le politiche di valorizzazione.
Museo, territorio e digitalizzazione. La mappatura dei poli gravitazionali culturali.
PAPA, SILVIA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral thesis is situated within the contemporary debate on the transformation of museums and on the evolving relationships between cultural heritage, territory, and communities, in a context marked by the growing centrality of digitalization and the need for innovative tools for cultural planning and management. Moving beyond the traditional model of the museum as an enclosed space, the research adopts as its theoretical framework the paradigm of the distributed museum and the concept of cultural landscape, understood as complex and relational systems in which material heritage, historical–environmental contexts, and social practices contribute to the construction of shared meanings. The thesis starts from a critical observation: although museological and regulatory discourse, especially since the second half of the twentieth century, has increasingly acknowledged the need for a territorially embedded museum oriented toward community participation, there remains a lack of operational tools capable of translating this vision into systemic methods of analysis applicable both to art-historical research and to the concrete management of cultural heritage. In response to this gap, the research develops an original model of gravitational analysis of cultural hubs, based on a metaphor borrowed from the physical sciences and applied to the interpretation of territorial cultural dynamics. The initial theoretical contribution consists of a critical reconstruction of the evolution of the concept of the museum from the twentieth century to the early twenty-first century. Key moments in the international and Italian museological debate are examined, from interwar museology to postwar developments, from the experiences of the Nouvelle Muséologie to the emergence of ecomuseums and the progressive affirmation of the museum as a social and territorial institution. Particular attention is given to French experiments of the 1970s and to parallel Italian reflections on the museum as a tool for territorial knowledge and as a form of distributed cultural infrastructure. This historical–theoretical framework provides the conceptual foundation for the development of new interpretive tools. The core of the research lies in the development of a model of cultural gravitational analysis. This model approaches the territory as a dynamic system of cultural hubs characterized by different weights and levels of attraction, determined through both quantitative and qualitative parameters. Through the definition of cataloguing criteria, the construction of a structured dataset, the attribution of weights, and the integrated use of tools such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems), the thesis develops an innovative and replicable method for analyzing spatial distribution, historical stratification, and relationships among the various elements of territorial heritage. Cartographic and graphic representations—such as thematic maps, heatmaps, hexagonal maps, and comparative analyses by period and typology—make it possible to visualize processes of continuity, discontinuity, concentration, and dispersion of cultural hubs over time. The application of the model to the case study of the municipal territory of Castelleone di Suasa serves as the empirical testing ground for the research. Characterized by long-term historical stratification and by a contemporary integrated management of museum and archaeological park, the site is analyzed as a complex gravitational system. The analysis highlights the dominant roles of specific historical periods and typologies of hubs, long-term transformations, and the growing weight of the contemporary period in reshaping territorial cultural dynamics. Finally, the research extends its analytical framework to the field of cultural management, demonstrating how the gravitational model can function as an operational tool for activity monitoring, educational programming, communication strategies, audience engagement, digital innovation, and accountability. The Suasa case is thus interpreted as a laboratory of experimentation, in which the mapping of cultural hubs supports strategic decision-making and the construction of a coherent and participatory territorial narrative. The conclusions assess the theoretical robustness and practical effectiveness of the proposed model, emphasizing its capacity to integrate art-historical analysis, digital tools, and cultural management practices. The thesis proposes a new analytical language for cultural heritage that overcomes the divide between research and practice and opens new perspectives for future applications in museological and territorial contexts. Cultural gravitational analysis thus emerges as an original contribution to heritage knowledge, cultural planning, and heritage valorization policies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/377691
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-377691