This thesis analyzes the determinants of performance and outcomes of the Italian National Health Service (SSN) through three essays in health economics. The research investigates how regional healthcare performance is influenced by three distinct but interconnected pillars: large-scale external financing, macroeconomic fluctuations, and internal governance reforms. The first essay explores the use of European Structural Funds for the enhancement of Italian regional health systems in the 2014-2020 period. The analysis quantifies the investments, totaling over 6.19 billion euros, of which 5.1 billion from the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and over 1 billion from the ESF (European Social Fund). These funds supported almost 27,000 projects, with a primary focus on infrastructure, technological innovation, and personnel training, highlighting a concentration of investments in the regions of Puglia and Campania. The second essay examines the relationship between business cycles and mortality at the provincial level in Italy (2004-2019). Using the unemployment rate as a proxy for macroeconomic conditions and applying panel econometric models, the study finds a pro-cyclical trend in total mortality: an increase in unemployment is associated with a reduction in mortality rates. This effect is heterogeneous, being more significant for men, for the youngest age group, and for individuals with higher education levels. A robustness analysis, extended to 2021, shows how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted these established dynamics. The third essay evaluates the impact of managerial governance on the performance of Local Health Authorities (LHA), specifically analyzing the reform on the selection of General Managers (Legislative Decree 171/2016). Through the construction of an innovative dataset, which integrates performance data with the curricular characteristics of managers (manually extracted from CVs), and the application of a staggered difference-in-differences (Callaway & Sant'Anna) methodology for the 2015-2021 period, the analysis reveals a negative impact on health quality indicators. The heterogeneity analysis shows that this negative effect is particularly pronounced in regions subject to recovery plans and investigates how the reform affected the educational profile of the appointed managers. Overall, this thesis provides new evidence on the complex dynamics governing Italian healthcare, demonstrating that, although funding is crucial, system performance is profoundly influenced by both external macroeconomic factors and the effectiveness of internal governance reforms.
La presente tesi analizza i fattori determinanti della performance e dei risultati del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN) italiano, attraverso l'elaborazione di tre saggi di economia sanitaria. La ricerca indaga come la performance sanitaria regionale sia influenzata da tre pilastri distinti ma interconnessi: i finanziamenti esterni su larga scala, le fluttuazioni macroeconomiche e le riforme della governance interna. Il primo saggio esplora l'utilizzo dei Fondi Strutturali dell'Unione Europea per il potenziamento dei sistemi sanitari regionali italiani nel periodo 2014-2020. L'analisi quantifica gli investimenti, pari a oltre 6,19 miliardi di euro, di cui 5,1 miliardi dal FESR (Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale) e oltre 1 miliardo dal FSE (Fondo Sociale Europeo). Questi fondi hanno sostenuto quasi 27.000 progetti, con un focus primario su infrastrutture, innovazione tecnologica e formazione del personale, evidenziando una concentrazione degli investimenti nelle regioni Puglia e Campania. Il secondo saggio esamina la relazione tra cicli economici e mortalità a livello provinciale in Italia (2004-2019). Utilizzando il tasso di disoccupazione come proxy delle condizioni macroeconomiche e applicando modelli econometrici panel, lo studio rileva un trend pro-ciclico nella mortalità totale: un aumento della disoccupazione è associato a una riduzione dei tassi di mortalità. Questo effetto è eterogeneo, risultando più significativo per gli uomini, per il gruppo di età più giovane, e per gli individui con livelli di istruzione più elevati. Un'analisi di robustezza, estesa fino al 2021, mostra come la pandemia di COVID-19 abbia interrotto queste dinamiche consolidate. Il terzo saggio valuta l'impatto della governance manageriale sulla performance delle Aziende Sanitarie Locali (ASL), analizzando specificamente la riforma sulla selezione dei Direttori Generali (D.Lgs. 171/2016). Attraverso la costruzione di un dataset innovativo, che integra dati di performance con le caratteristiche curriculari dei manager (estratte manualmente dai CV) e l'applicazione di una metodologia staggered difference-in-differences (Callaway \& Sant'Anna) per il periodo 2015-2021, l'analisi rivela un impatto negativo sugli indicatori di qualità sanitaria. L'analisi dell'eterogeneità mostra che questo effetto negativo è particolarmente pronunciato nelle regioni soggette a piano di rientro e indaga come la riforma abbia inciso sul profilo formativo dei manager nominati. Complessivamente, questa tesi fornisce nuove evidenze sulle complesse dinamiche che governano la sanità italiana, dimostrando che, sebbene i finanziamenti siano cruciali, la performance del sistema è profondamente influenzata sia da fattori macroeconomici esterni sia dall'efficacia delle riforme di governance interna.
Three Essays on Health Economics
RUGGIERO, ADRIANO
2026
Abstract
This thesis analyzes the determinants of performance and outcomes of the Italian National Health Service (SSN) through three essays in health economics. The research investigates how regional healthcare performance is influenced by three distinct but interconnected pillars: large-scale external financing, macroeconomic fluctuations, and internal governance reforms. The first essay explores the use of European Structural Funds for the enhancement of Italian regional health systems in the 2014-2020 period. The analysis quantifies the investments, totaling over 6.19 billion euros, of which 5.1 billion from the ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and over 1 billion from the ESF (European Social Fund). These funds supported almost 27,000 projects, with a primary focus on infrastructure, technological innovation, and personnel training, highlighting a concentration of investments in the regions of Puglia and Campania. The second essay examines the relationship between business cycles and mortality at the provincial level in Italy (2004-2019). Using the unemployment rate as a proxy for macroeconomic conditions and applying panel econometric models, the study finds a pro-cyclical trend in total mortality: an increase in unemployment is associated with a reduction in mortality rates. This effect is heterogeneous, being more significant for men, for the youngest age group, and for individuals with higher education levels. A robustness analysis, extended to 2021, shows how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted these established dynamics. The third essay evaluates the impact of managerial governance on the performance of Local Health Authorities (LHA), specifically analyzing the reform on the selection of General Managers (Legislative Decree 171/2016). Through the construction of an innovative dataset, which integrates performance data with the curricular characteristics of managers (manually extracted from CVs), and the application of a staggered difference-in-differences (Callaway & Sant'Anna) methodology for the 2015-2021 period, the analysis reveals a negative impact on health quality indicators. The heterogeneity analysis shows that this negative effect is particularly pronounced in regions subject to recovery plans and investigates how the reform affected the educational profile of the appointed managers. Overall, this thesis provides new evidence on the complex dynamics governing Italian healthcare, demonstrating that, although funding is crucial, system performance is profoundly influenced by both external macroeconomic factors and the effectiveness of internal governance reforms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/377911
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-377911