The nature of the pagus remains an open historiographical question. Epigraphic, literary, and juridical sources depict pagi as rural communities and well-defined districts that organized the rural territory of civitates. They possessed their own administrative structures, normative capacity, and financial resources. However, the evidence for pagi is limited in quantity and unevenly distributed across time and space. This dissertation consists of an analysis of the main historiographical interpretations of the pagus, a corpus of seventy-nine inscriptions, and two case studies focused on regiones IV and X, which yield the highest concentration of evidence for pagi in Italy. I have developed an epigraphic database in Excel that compiles all the analysed inscriptions and enables the automated processing of files, tables, and statistical graphs. I have also created a georeferenced map showing the discovery locations of each inscription using MyMaps/Google Earth. The database and the mapping, which are already complete, will be published online as digital resources accessible to both the scientific community and the general public, in line with the objectives of dissemination and usability promoted by Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) and in accordance with the FAIR data principles (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability). The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter outlines the state of the art in the study of pagi from the nineteenth century to the present and presents the methodology adopted. It describes in detail the criteria used for the collection and cataloguing of the epigraphic data, as well as the material excluded from the corpus. The second chapter presents an annotated catalogue of seventy-nine inscriptions referring to pagi, organised by regio; the file entries relating to inscriptions from regiones IV and X are accompanied by brief commentaries. The third chapter examines the institutional, political-administrative, and socio-cultural aspects that can be inferred from the inscriptions of regio IV with particular attention to the relationship between the pagi and their respective civitates, as well as their interactions with the vici. The fourth chapter follows the same analytical framework, focusing on the epigraphic evidence for pagi and vici in regio X. The fifth chapter summarises the main issues and results discussed in the preceding chapters. The research has verified several recent interpretative hypotheses through documentary evidence, confirming the Roman (non-indigenous) character of the pagus and the local specificities to which pagi adapted. In northern Samnium (regio IV), building inscriptions from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD attest to rural communities with significant administrative capacity and intense public building activity. By contrast, in central-northeastern Cisalpine Gaul (regio X), epigraphic production is distinguished by the prevalence of sacred dedications, particularly those related to the cult of the genius pagi, revealing forms of communal aggregation more strongly centred on the religious dimension. Although pagi were a Roman administrative instrument for territorial organization, they assumed different characteristics in different contexts. Each territory presents unique features that can only be partially reconstructed. The findings of this research must be integrated with evidence from other rural contexts in Italy and the provinces.
La natura del pagus costituisce tuttora un tema storiografico aperto. Le fonti epigrafiche, letterarie e giuridiche restituiscono l’immagine dei pagi come comunità rurali e distretti ben circoscritti e funzionali all’organizzazione del territorio rurale delle civitates, dotati di propri quadri amministrativi, capacità normativa e risorse finanziarie. Il mosaico di testimonianze relative ai pagi risulta tuttavia quantitativamente esiguo e disomogeneo sul piano cronologico e geografico. Questa tesi consiste in un’analisi delle principali interpretazioni storiografiche sul pagus, un corpus di settantanove iscrizioni e due casi di studio focalizzati sulle regiones IV e X che restituiscono la più alta concentrazione di testimonianze di pagi per l’Italia. Per facilitare la selezione, la schedatura e in parte anche lo studio dei documenti ho strutturato un database epigrafico in formato Excel – che raccoglie tutte le iscrizioni analizzate e consente l’elaborazione automatica di schede, tabelle e grafici statistici – e ho realizzato una mappatura georeferenziata del luogo di rinvenimento dei reperti su piattaforma digitale (MyMaps/Google Earth). Il database e la mappatura, già completati, costituiranno oggetto di futura pubblicazione online come risorse digitali accessibili alla comunità scientifica e al pubblico generale, in linea con gli obiettivi di diffusione e fruibilità promossi dal finanziamento PNRR e nel rispetto dei principi FAIR data (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability). La tesi si struttura in cinque capitoli. Il primo capitolo presenta lo stato dell’arte degli studi sui pagi sin dall’Ottocento e la metodologia del lavoro: si descrive in modo dettagliato il metodo seguito nella raccolta e nella schedatura dei dati epigrafici e quali reperti invece non sono stati confluiti nel corpus. Il secondo capitolo presenta il catalogo commentato di settantanove schede di iscrizioni di pagi organizzato per regiones; le schede relative a iscrizioni rinvenute nelle regiones IV e X sono accompagnate da un commento breve. Il terzo capitolo si sofferma sugli aspetti istituzionali, politico-amministrativi e socioculturali desumibili dalle iscrizioni della regio IV augustea, esaminando il legame dei pagi con le civitates di riferimento e le relazioni con i vici. Il quarto capitolo riprende la stessa struttura analitica, ma sarà relativo al materiale epigrafico di pagi e di vici della regio X. Il quinto capitolo tira le fila delle questioni affrontate nei capitoli precedenti. La ricerca ha permesso di verificare sul piano documentario alcune ipotesi interpretative avanzate negli ultimi decenni, confermando il carattere romano e non indigeno del pagus, nonché specificità locali a cui i pagi si adattavano. Nel Samnium settentrionale (regio IV) emerge una concentrazione di iscrizioni edilizie databili tra il I secolo a.C. e il I secolo d.C. che testimoniano comunità rurali caratterizzate da una marcata capacità amministrativa e da un’intensa attività edilizia pubblica. Diversamente, nella Cisalpina settentrionale centro-orientale (regio X) la produzione epigrafica si distingue per la prevalenza di dediche sacre, con particolare riferimento al culto del genius pagi, rivelando forme di aggregazione comunitaria maggiormente incentrate sulla dimensione religiosa. Ciascun territorio presenta caratteristiche uniche che possono essere ricostruite solo parzialmente: le informazioni emerse da questa ricerca devono necessariamente essere integrate con quanto si ricava da altri contesti rurali dell’Italia e delle province.
Villaggi e Identità Rurali nel Mediterraneo Antico. Conoscere, Valorizzare, Promuovere nel Segno della Sostenibilità il Patrimonio Minore. Pagi e Pagani nell’Italia Rurale. Casi di Studio
DE MOURA PINHEIRO FRIAS COSTA, MATILDE
2026
Abstract
The nature of the pagus remains an open historiographical question. Epigraphic, literary, and juridical sources depict pagi as rural communities and well-defined districts that organized the rural territory of civitates. They possessed their own administrative structures, normative capacity, and financial resources. However, the evidence for pagi is limited in quantity and unevenly distributed across time and space. This dissertation consists of an analysis of the main historiographical interpretations of the pagus, a corpus of seventy-nine inscriptions, and two case studies focused on regiones IV and X, which yield the highest concentration of evidence for pagi in Italy. I have developed an epigraphic database in Excel that compiles all the analysed inscriptions and enables the automated processing of files, tables, and statistical graphs. I have also created a georeferenced map showing the discovery locations of each inscription using MyMaps/Google Earth. The database and the mapping, which are already complete, will be published online as digital resources accessible to both the scientific community and the general public, in line with the objectives of dissemination and usability promoted by Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) and in accordance with the FAIR data principles (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability). The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter outlines the state of the art in the study of pagi from the nineteenth century to the present and presents the methodology adopted. It describes in detail the criteria used for the collection and cataloguing of the epigraphic data, as well as the material excluded from the corpus. The second chapter presents an annotated catalogue of seventy-nine inscriptions referring to pagi, organised by regio; the file entries relating to inscriptions from regiones IV and X are accompanied by brief commentaries. The third chapter examines the institutional, political-administrative, and socio-cultural aspects that can be inferred from the inscriptions of regio IV with particular attention to the relationship between the pagi and their respective civitates, as well as their interactions with the vici. The fourth chapter follows the same analytical framework, focusing on the epigraphic evidence for pagi and vici in regio X. The fifth chapter summarises the main issues and results discussed in the preceding chapters. The research has verified several recent interpretative hypotheses through documentary evidence, confirming the Roman (non-indigenous) character of the pagus and the local specificities to which pagi adapted. In northern Samnium (regio IV), building inscriptions from the 1st century BC to the 1st century AD attest to rural communities with significant administrative capacity and intense public building activity. By contrast, in central-northeastern Cisalpine Gaul (regio X), epigraphic production is distinguished by the prevalence of sacred dedications, particularly those related to the cult of the genius pagi, revealing forms of communal aggregation more strongly centred on the religious dimension. Although pagi were a Roman administrative instrument for territorial organization, they assumed different characteristics in different contexts. Each territory presents unique features that can only be partially reconstructed. The findings of this research must be integrated with evidence from other rural contexts in Italy and the provinces.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/378013
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-378013