Post-harvest losses and the pressing need to reduce chemical inputs have highlighted the urgency of developing sustainable preservation technologies. This three-year research project assessed the applicability of green technologies in the post-harvest sector, with a focus on industrial transferability. The first line of work comprised three studies, all of which involved the application of natural edible coatings, sometimes in combination with modified atmosphere packaging or under passive atmosphere. The experiments were carried out on three different fruits: coscia pear, papaya and lychee. Each fruit has a distinct deterioration profile; for this reason, a different preservation strategy was developed and applied to each, based on its specific issues and vulnerabilities. Through these experiments, it was demonstrated that the combination of edible coatings based on Aloe vera gel and MAP, particularly the MAP 2 treatment (30% CO₂ + 70% N₂), improved the quality of the coscia pear, having a positive effect on colour stability. This was achieved by balancing the gas composition inside the packaging, which reduced both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. As regards papaya, the Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum hydrolate reduced the decay index to 1.14, compared with 3.11 for the control and the treatment with oregano essential oil; Finally, for lychees, the proposed olive oil-based coating, when combined with PA/PE packaging under a passive atmosphere, has been shown to be highly effective in preserving visual, structural and microbiological quality. Furthermore, olive oil holds GRAS status, is allergen-free and compatible with vegan dietary requirements.The second line of experimentation focused on the application of positive and negative air ions to fresh-cut mangoes, in combination with hydrosols derived from Sicilian aromatic species, to control microbial growth and preserve the qualitative and physical characteristics of the product. The application of hydrosols from both aromatic species yielded positive results; the rosemary-based hydrosol maintained the quality of the fresh-cut mango until the tenth day, whilst the oregano-based hydrosol maintained the quality characteristics until, if not beyond, the fourteenth day of the experiment. This was attributable to the high concentration of phenolic compounds and high in vitro antimicrobial activity against L. innocua and E. coli, thanks to the presence of thymol and carvacrol.The third line of research focused on active packaging. The first study involved an active pad based on a starch and gelatine matrix, enriched with gelatine enriched with linalool, and assessed the effectiveness of this technology using tomatoes as a model fruit. The second study focused on the utilisation of waste biomass from the distillation process of Artemisia arborescens as a natural biofiller incorporated into a polymer matrix, embodying the concept of the circular economy. Finally, the third study analyses, from an engineering perspective, the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix containing the natural biofiller and assesses its potential for industrial application. This line of research has shown how the use of an absorbent pad has evolved from a passive element into a genuine active ally in product preservation. The gelatine- and starch-based pad helped to regulate humidity inside the packaging, slowing down dehydration and loss of texture, whilst the pad enriched with linalool reduced browning, preserving the physical and chemical characteristics whilst simultaneously slowing down microbial growth and fungal deterioration. The second study utilised spent biomass as a natural biofiller incorporated into the biodegradable polymer matrix. The third line of experimentation analysed the mechanical properties and biodegradability of the resulting biocomposite. The biocomposites exhibit 80-85% mass loss after 30 days in compost, compared with ~40% for neat PBSA, and achieve approximately double the biodegradation level under ISO 14851 testing. These findings highlight the dual benefit of valorizing agro-industrial residues and improving the environmental performance of biodegradable polymers, thereby supporting their application in sustainable material development.Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that green technologies can effectively replace conventional chemical treatments, provided they are tailored to the specific vulnerability of the product and integrated into combined systems. The utilisation of distillation co-products, used both as sanitising agents and as bio-fillers for packaging materials, closes the production cycle in full accordance with the principles of the circular economy.
Le perdite post raccolta e l'impellenza di ridurre gli input chimici hanno fatto emergere l'urgenza di sviluppare tecnologie conservative sostenibili. Questo progetto di ricerca triennale ha valutato l'applicabilità di tecnologie green nel settore post-raccolta, con attenzione alla trasferibilità industriale.La prima linea di lavoro si è sviluppata su tre lavori che vedono come comune denominatore l'applicazione di edible coatings naturali in combinazione anche con il packaging in atmosfera modificata o atmosfera passiva. In particolare, le sperimentazioni sono state condotte su tre frutti differenti quali pera Coscia, papaya e litchi. Ogni caso ha un target distinto di deterioramento e per questo motivo per ognuno di essi è stata sviluppata ed applicata una strategia di preservazione differente in base alla specifica problematica e vulnerabilità. Attraverso queste sperimentazioni è stato possibile dimostrare che la combinazione con l'edible coatings a base di Aloe vera gel e MAP, in particolare il trattamento MAP 2 (30% CO2 + 70% N2) abbia migliorato la qualità della pera Coscia, avendo un effetto positivo sulla stabilità del colore, grazie al bilanciamento della composizione gassosa all'interno del packaging, che ha permesso di ridurre la respirazione aerobica e anaerobica. Per quanto concerne la papaya l'idrolato di Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum ha abbassato l'indice di decadimento a 1,14 rispetto a 3,11 del controllo e del trattamento con olio essenziale di Origano; Infine per il litchi, è stato dimostrato che il rivestimento a base di olio d’oliva proposto, se abbinato a un imballaggio in atmosfera passiva in PA/PE, è altamente efficace nel preservare la qualità visiva, strutturale e microbiologica, Inoltre, l’olio d’oliva ha ottenuto la certificazione GRAS, essendo privo di allergeni e poiché compatibile con le esigenze alimentari vegane.La seconda linea di sperimentazione si è focalizzata sull’applicazione di ioni positivi e negativi nell’aria su mango in quarta gamma in combinazione con gli idrolati derivanti da specie aromatiche siciliane per controllare la crescita microbica e migliorare le caratteristiche qualitativi e fisici del prodotto frutticolo. L’applicazione degli idrolati di entrambe le specie aromatiche hanno mostrato risultati positivi, l’idrolato a base di rosmarino ha mantenuto la qualità del mango fresh cut fino al decimo giorno mentre quello a base di origano ha mantenuto le caratteristiche qualitative sino se non oltre il quattordicesimo giorno di sperimentazione attribuibile all’alta concentrazione di composti fenolici ed alta attività antimicrobica in vitro contro L. innocua ed E. coli, grazie alla presenza di timolo e carvacrolo. La terza linea di sperimentazione si è incentrata sull’active packaging. Il primo studio si sviluppa su un active pad attivato con amido, arricchito con linalolo e valutando l’efficienza di questa tecnologia sul pomodoro come frutto modello. Il secondo si basa sulla valorizzazione della biomassa di scarto derivante dal processo di distillazione dell’Artemisia arborescens come biofiller naturale inserito all’interno di una matrice polimerica, rappresentando il concetto di economia circolare. Infine, il terzo lavoro analizza a livello ingegneristico le proprietà meccaniche della matrice polimerica al cui interno è inserito il biofiller naturale e valutarne una possibile trasferibilità industriale. Da questa linea di ricerca si è evinto come l'uso di un pad assorbente, da elemento passivo si sia trasformato in un vero e proprio alleato attivo nella conservazione del prodotto. Il pad a base di gelatina e amido ha contribuito a regolare l'umidità all'interno della confezione, rallentando la disidratazione e la perdita di consistenza, mentre quello arricchito con linalolo ha ridotto l'imbrunimento, preservando le caratteristiche fisiche e chimiche e rallentando al contempo la crescita microbica e il deterioramento fungino. Il secondo lavoro ha valorizzato la biomassa esausta come biofiller naturale inserito all’interno della matrice polimerica biodegradabile. La terza linea di sperimentazione ha analizzato le proprietà meccaniche e di biodegradabilità del biocomposito ottenuto, raggiungendo una disintegrazione in compost dell’80-85% in 30 giorni contro il 40 % del PBSA puro, e raggiungono un livello di biodegradazione circa doppio nei test secondo la norma ISO 14851. Questi risultati nel complesso dimostrano che le tecnologie green possono sostituire efficacemente i trattamenti chimici convenzionali, a condizione che siano calibrate sulla specifica vulnerabilità del prodotto e integrate in sistemi combinati. La valorizzazione dei co-prodotti di distillazione, impiegati sia come agenti sanificanti sia come bio-filler per materiali di confezionamento, chiude il ciclo produttivo in piena coerenza con i principi dell'economia circolare.
INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS
CULMONE, Alessandra
2026
Abstract
Post-harvest losses and the pressing need to reduce chemical inputs have highlighted the urgency of developing sustainable preservation technologies. This three-year research project assessed the applicability of green technologies in the post-harvest sector, with a focus on industrial transferability. The first line of work comprised three studies, all of which involved the application of natural edible coatings, sometimes in combination with modified atmosphere packaging or under passive atmosphere. The experiments were carried out on three different fruits: coscia pear, papaya and lychee. Each fruit has a distinct deterioration profile; for this reason, a different preservation strategy was developed and applied to each, based on its specific issues and vulnerabilities. Through these experiments, it was demonstrated that the combination of edible coatings based on Aloe vera gel and MAP, particularly the MAP 2 treatment (30% CO₂ + 70% N₂), improved the quality of the coscia pear, having a positive effect on colour stability. This was achieved by balancing the gas composition inside the packaging, which reduced both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. As regards papaya, the Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum hydrolate reduced the decay index to 1.14, compared with 3.11 for the control and the treatment with oregano essential oil; Finally, for lychees, the proposed olive oil-based coating, when combined with PA/PE packaging under a passive atmosphere, has been shown to be highly effective in preserving visual, structural and microbiological quality. Furthermore, olive oil holds GRAS status, is allergen-free and compatible with vegan dietary requirements.The second line of experimentation focused on the application of positive and negative air ions to fresh-cut mangoes, in combination with hydrosols derived from Sicilian aromatic species, to control microbial growth and preserve the qualitative and physical characteristics of the product. The application of hydrosols from both aromatic species yielded positive results; the rosemary-based hydrosol maintained the quality of the fresh-cut mango until the tenth day, whilst the oregano-based hydrosol maintained the quality characteristics until, if not beyond, the fourteenth day of the experiment. This was attributable to the high concentration of phenolic compounds and high in vitro antimicrobial activity against L. innocua and E. coli, thanks to the presence of thymol and carvacrol.The third line of research focused on active packaging. The first study involved an active pad based on a starch and gelatine matrix, enriched with gelatine enriched with linalool, and assessed the effectiveness of this technology using tomatoes as a model fruit. The second study focused on the utilisation of waste biomass from the distillation process of Artemisia arborescens as a natural biofiller incorporated into a polymer matrix, embodying the concept of the circular economy. Finally, the third study analyses, from an engineering perspective, the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix containing the natural biofiller and assesses its potential for industrial application. This line of research has shown how the use of an absorbent pad has evolved from a passive element into a genuine active ally in product preservation. The gelatine- and starch-based pad helped to regulate humidity inside the packaging, slowing down dehydration and loss of texture, whilst the pad enriched with linalool reduced browning, preserving the physical and chemical characteristics whilst simultaneously slowing down microbial growth and fungal deterioration. The second study utilised spent biomass as a natural biofiller incorporated into the biodegradable polymer matrix. The third line of experimentation analysed the mechanical properties and biodegradability of the resulting biocomposite. The biocomposites exhibit 80-85% mass loss after 30 days in compost, compared with ~40% for neat PBSA, and achieve approximately double the biodegradation level under ISO 14851 testing. These findings highlight the dual benefit of valorizing agro-industrial residues and improving the environmental performance of biodegradable polymers, thereby supporting their application in sustainable material development.Taken as a whole, these results demonstrate that green technologies can effectively replace conventional chemical treatments, provided they are tailored to the specific vulnerability of the product and integrated into combined systems. The utilisation of distillation co-products, used both as sanitising agents and as bio-fillers for packaging materials, closes the production cycle in full accordance with the principles of the circular economy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/378647
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-378647