Biofluids are increasingly recognized for their ability to reflect pathophysiological processes. Their collection through minimally invasive procedures enhances their clinical applicability, supporting longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and a comprehensive assessment of therapeutic responses. Biofluids comprise not only cells and soluble molecules but also mesoscale structures (particles ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers) that refer to the so-called nanostructured secretome, which includes both non-vesicular extracellular particles and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). EVs have shown as potential biomarkers for different diseases, as they transport bioactive molecules that mirror the cell of origin and, consequently, the associated pathology. Exploiting this multiscale architecture makes it possible to access a broader biomarker landscape, increasing both the diversity of detectable components and the obtainable information. Despite this potential, the clinical translation of whole biofluids and their EVs still faces significant challenges: 1. Although biofluid analysis has been explored in oncology, demonstrating strong potential for early diagnosis and monitoring of different type of tumors, its application as a reliable biomarker source for non-oncological diseases remains a major challenge. This is partly attributable to the high cost and limited accessibility of analytical instruments. In addition, assays designed to measure a single biomarker often fail to capture the complexity and heterogeneity of diseases. 2. The clinical translation of EV is hindered due to their heterogeneity, nanoscale size, and low concentration, all of which complicate the standardization of protocols and analytical workflows. Within this context, the aim of the thesis is to apply spectroscopic techniques at both the molecular and mesoscale levels, focusing on EVs. Indeed, by generating detailed and reproducible biochemical fingerprints, it could serve as biomarkers for diagnostic applications and for monitoring therapeutic or rehabilitative treatments. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, including Raman Spectroscopy, Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, offer unique analytical features such as label-free approches, non-destructive analysis, and require minimal sample manipulation. Moreover, the ability of vibrational spectroscopies to analyze large numbers of samples simultaneously helps to reduce the cost, facilitating the translation of these methods into clinical diagnostics for a multiscale analysis. Exploiting these advantages, this work focused on a variety of biofluids: saliva, to investigate respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Asthma, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, and COVID-19, and plasma or serum, for the study of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, and Parkinson’s disease, with the aim of evaluating the clinical potential of both whole biofluids and their EV fractions in the diagnosis and monitoring of complex progressive disorders. This multiscale strategy led to the identification of signatures associated with specific pathological conditions and demonstrated the ability of whole biofluids and their EV fractions to capture complex biological processes and alterations induced by the therapy. In summary, this thesis contributes to addressing unmet clinical needs by using spectroscopic techniques able to support earlier diagnosis and enabling clinicians to monitor therapeutic response more effectively, thereby guiding treatment decisions and improving patient management. Moreover, the proposed approach offers new perspectives for using whole biofluids and their EV fractions as reliable biomarkers across different diseases, reinforcing their potential role in personalized and precision medicine.
I biofluidi sono sempre più riconosciuti per la loro capacità di riflettere i processi fisiopatologici e, grazie alla raccolta minimamente invasiva, rappresentano matrici di grande interesse per il monitoraggio della progressione delle malattie e della risposta terapeutica. Essi comprendono non solo cellule e molecole solubili, ma anche strutture mesoscalari, dai pochi nanometri ai micrometri, che costituiscono il cosiddetto secretoma nanostrutturato. Quest’ultimo include sia particelle extracellulari non vescicolari sia Vescicole Extracellulari (EV), oggi considerate potenziali biomarcatori grazie alla loro capacità di trasportare molecole bioattive che riflettono lo stato fisiopatologico della cellula di origine. L’analisi multiscala dei biofluidi consente quindi di accedere a un panorama biomolecolare più ampio, aumentando la quantità e la diversità di informazioni ottenibili. Tuttavia, la loro traslazione clinica presenta ancora importanti limitazioni. Da un lato, benché l’analisi dei biofluidi abbia mostrato grande potenziale soprattutto in ambito oncologico, l’applicazione come fonte di biomarcatori per malattie non oncologiche rimane complessa, anche a causa dei costi strumentali e dell’eterogeneità biologica. Dall’altro lato, la traduzione delle EV in ambito clinico è ostacolata dalla loro eterogeneità, dalle dimensioni nanometriche e dalla bassa concentrazione, che rendono difficile la standardizzazione dei protocolli e dei flussi analitici. In questo contesto, l’obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di applicare tecniche spettroscopiche sia a livello molecolare sia mesoscalare, con particolare attenzione alle EV. Grazie alla capacità delle spettroscopie vibrazionali – quali Raman, Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) e Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) – e della spettroscopia di Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (NMR) di generare impronte biochimiche rapide, riproducibili e label-free, è possibile ottenere informazioni utili sia per la diagnosi sia per il monitoraggio terapeutico. Sfruttando tali vantaggi, il lavoro ha analizzato diversi biofluidi: la saliva, per la diagnosi e la caratterizzazione di malattie respiratorie come Broncopneumopatia Cronica Ostruttiva, Asma, Sindrome delle Apnee Ostruttive del Sonno e COVID-19, e plasma o siero per lo studio della Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness, della Leucemia Mieloide Cronica e della malattia di Parkinson. L’obiettivo è stato valutare il potenziale clinico sia dei biofluidi interi sia delle rispettive EV come biomarcatori per condizioni complesse e progressive. L’approccio multiscala ha permesso di identificare firme biochimiche specifiche associate alle diverse condizioni patologiche, dimostrando che i biofluidi e le loro EV sono in grado di catturare variazioni biologiche complesse e cambiamenti indotti dalla terapia. I risultati evidenziano come le tecniche spettroscopiche possano contribuire a una diagnosi più precoce, a un miglior monitoraggio terapeutico e a una più accurata stratificazione dei pazienti. In conclusione, questa tesi propone una strategia integrata che valorizza le potenzialità analitiche delle spettroscopie applicate ai biofluidi e alle loro EV, offrendo prospettive concrete per il loro impiego come biomarcatori affidabili in differenti patologie e rafforzando il loro ruolo futuro nella medicina personalizzata e di precisione.
MOLECULAR AND MESOSCALE SPECTROSCOPIC SIGNATURES OF BIOFLUIDS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Mangolini, Valentina
2026
Abstract
Biofluids are increasingly recognized for their ability to reflect pathophysiological processes. Their collection through minimally invasive procedures enhances their clinical applicability, supporting longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and a comprehensive assessment of therapeutic responses. Biofluids comprise not only cells and soluble molecules but also mesoscale structures (particles ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers) that refer to the so-called nanostructured secretome, which includes both non-vesicular extracellular particles and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs). EVs have shown as potential biomarkers for different diseases, as they transport bioactive molecules that mirror the cell of origin and, consequently, the associated pathology. Exploiting this multiscale architecture makes it possible to access a broader biomarker landscape, increasing both the diversity of detectable components and the obtainable information. Despite this potential, the clinical translation of whole biofluids and their EVs still faces significant challenges: 1. Although biofluid analysis has been explored in oncology, demonstrating strong potential for early diagnosis and monitoring of different type of tumors, its application as a reliable biomarker source for non-oncological diseases remains a major challenge. This is partly attributable to the high cost and limited accessibility of analytical instruments. In addition, assays designed to measure a single biomarker often fail to capture the complexity and heterogeneity of diseases. 2. The clinical translation of EV is hindered due to their heterogeneity, nanoscale size, and low concentration, all of which complicate the standardization of protocols and analytical workflows. Within this context, the aim of the thesis is to apply spectroscopic techniques at both the molecular and mesoscale levels, focusing on EVs. Indeed, by generating detailed and reproducible biochemical fingerprints, it could serve as biomarkers for diagnostic applications and for monitoring therapeutic or rehabilitative treatments. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, including Raman Spectroscopy, Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, offer unique analytical features such as label-free approches, non-destructive analysis, and require minimal sample manipulation. Moreover, the ability of vibrational spectroscopies to analyze large numbers of samples simultaneously helps to reduce the cost, facilitating the translation of these methods into clinical diagnostics for a multiscale analysis. Exploiting these advantages, this work focused on a variety of biofluids: saliva, to investigate respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Asthma, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome, and COVID-19, and plasma or serum, for the study of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, and Parkinson’s disease, with the aim of evaluating the clinical potential of both whole biofluids and their EV fractions in the diagnosis and monitoring of complex progressive disorders. This multiscale strategy led to the identification of signatures associated with specific pathological conditions and demonstrated the ability of whole biofluids and their EV fractions to capture complex biological processes and alterations induced by the therapy. In summary, this thesis contributes to addressing unmet clinical needs by using spectroscopic techniques able to support earlier diagnosis and enabling clinicians to monitor therapeutic response more effectively, thereby guiding treatment decisions and improving patient management. Moreover, the proposed approach offers new perspectives for using whole biofluids and their EV fractions as reliable biomarkers across different diseases, reinforcing their potential role in personalized and precision medicine.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/379276
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-379276