Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), bipolar disorder (BD), and personality disorders (PD) are characterized by high clinical and functional complexity, associated with a considerable socioeconomic impact (Calzavara Pinton et al., 2024; Dembek et al., 2023; Soeteman et al., 2008). The primary objective of our study was to estimate the annual direct costs associated with SSD, BD, and PD. Secondary objectives included assessing whether clinical, psychosocial, and cognitive variables could serve as predictors of higher healthcare expenditure. Data from 114 individuals followed by the Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) of Spedali Civili of Brescia (2024–2025) were analyzed (SSD n=40, BD n=33, and PD n=41). Sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive variables were collected using MMAS-4, CGI-S, PSP, EQ-5D, MOAS, ISI, PDQ-D, and MCCB. Data on service use were extracted from the regional SIPRL registries and hospital management systems. Costs were calculated using the 2022 regional tariffs. Analyses included comparisons across diagnostic groups, univariate correlations, and stepwise linear regressions to identify individual cost predictors. The mean annual direct cost related to service use was €40050, with significant differences across diagnoses: SSD €57000, BD €21204, PD €38201. Residential care, present in 36% of the sample, substantially contributed to the increase in costs. In the total sample, significant predictors of higher cost were unemployment and greater clinical severity. In SSD, costs were primarily predicted by illness severity and unemployment; in BD, by subjective perception of cognitive deficits, unemployment, and poor treatment adherence; in PD, no significant predictors emerged. Among residential patients, the main predictor was poorer verbal learning, whereas among non-residential patients, lower processing speed and poorer psychosocial functioning were the strongest predictors.The observed costs exceed those reported in previous studies, reflecting both the adopted methodology and the high proportion of residential patients. Employment status emerges as the main cross diagnostic predictor of cost, confirming evidence that work represents a protective factor for mental health. Furthermore, clinical severity, cognitive deficits, and poor treatment adherence significantly contribute to increased costs. Future studies should include the estimation of pharmacological costs, expand the sample size, and improve the representativeness of community-based settings. It will be crucial to evaluate interventions targeting cognitive functioning, employment support, and the improvement of treatment adherence, in order to reduce costs and promote functional remission.
I disturbi dello spettro della schizofrenia (DSS), il disturbo bipolare (DB) e i disturbi di personalità (DP) rappresentano condizioni ad elevata complessità clinica e funzionale, associate a un considerevole impatto socioeconomico (Calzavara Pinton et al., 2024; Dembek et al., 2023; Soeteman et al., 2008). L’obiettivo primario era stimare i costi annuali diretti associati a DSS, DB e DP. Gli obiettivi secondari consistevano nel valutare se variabili cliniche, psicosociali e cognitive potessero rappresentare predittori di una maggiore spesa sanitaria. Sono stati analizzati i dati di 114 soggeti seguiti dai servizi di salute mentale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia (2024–2025), suddivisi in DSS (n=40), DB (n=33) e DP (n=41). Sono state raccolte variabili sociodemografiche, cliniche e cognitive tramite MMAS-4, CGI-S, PSP, EQ-5D, MOAS, ISI, PDQ-D e MCCB. I dati relativi all’uso dei servizi sono stati estratti dai registri regionali SIPRL e dai gestionali ospedalieri. I costi sono stati calcolati utilizzando le tariffe regionali 2022. Le analisi hanno incluso confronti tra gruppi diagnostici, correlazioni univariate e regressioni lineari stepwise per identificare i predittori individuali di costo. Il costo medio annuo diretto legato all’uso dei servizi è risultato pari a € 40.050, con differenze significative tra diagnosi: DSS € 57.000, DB € 21.204, DP € 38.201. La residenzialità, presente nel 36% del campione, ha contribuito in modo sostanziale all’aumento dei costi. Nel campione totale, predittori significativi di maggior costo sono risultati la disoccupazione e la maggiore gravità clinica. Nei DSS i costi erano predetti principalmente dalla gravità della patologia e dalla disoccupazione; nei DB dalla percezione soggettiva dei deficit cognitivi, dalla disoccupazione e dalla scarsa aderenza alla terapia; nei DP non sono emersi predittori significativi. Nei pazienti residenziali il principale predittore era un peggior apprendimento verbale, mentre nei non residenziali la minore velocità di elaborazione e il peggior funzionamento psicosociale. I costi osservati superano quelli riportati in precedenti studi, riflettendo la metodologia adottata e l’elevata quota di pazienti residenziali. Lo stato occupazionale emerge come il principale predittore trasversale di costo, confermando l’evidenza che il lavoro rappresenti un fattore protettivo per la salute mentale. Inoltre, la gravità clinica, i deficit cognitivi e la scarsa aderenza alla terapia contribuiscono significativamente all’aumento dei costi. Studi futuri dovrebbero includere la stima dei costi farmacologici, ampliare il campione e migliorare la rappresentatività dei setting territoriali. Sarà cruciale valutare interventi mirati al funzionamento cognitivo, all’inserimento lavorativo e al miglioramento dell’aderenza terapeutica, per ridurre i costi e favorire una remissione funzionale.
COSTI DIRETTI E CORRELATI CLINICI E SOCIODEMOGRAFICI IN SOGGETTI AFFETTI DA DISTURBI MENTALI
CALZAVARA PINTON, IRENE
2026
Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), bipolar disorder (BD), and personality disorders (PD) are characterized by high clinical and functional complexity, associated with a considerable socioeconomic impact (Calzavara Pinton et al., 2024; Dembek et al., 2023; Soeteman et al., 2008). The primary objective of our study was to estimate the annual direct costs associated with SSD, BD, and PD. Secondary objectives included assessing whether clinical, psychosocial, and cognitive variables could serve as predictors of higher healthcare expenditure. Data from 114 individuals followed by the Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) of Spedali Civili of Brescia (2024–2025) were analyzed (SSD n=40, BD n=33, and PD n=41). Sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive variables were collected using MMAS-4, CGI-S, PSP, EQ-5D, MOAS, ISI, PDQ-D, and MCCB. Data on service use were extracted from the regional SIPRL registries and hospital management systems. Costs were calculated using the 2022 regional tariffs. Analyses included comparisons across diagnostic groups, univariate correlations, and stepwise linear regressions to identify individual cost predictors. The mean annual direct cost related to service use was €40050, with significant differences across diagnoses: SSD €57000, BD €21204, PD €38201. Residential care, present in 36% of the sample, substantially contributed to the increase in costs. In the total sample, significant predictors of higher cost were unemployment and greater clinical severity. In SSD, costs were primarily predicted by illness severity and unemployment; in BD, by subjective perception of cognitive deficits, unemployment, and poor treatment adherence; in PD, no significant predictors emerged. Among residential patients, the main predictor was poorer verbal learning, whereas among non-residential patients, lower processing speed and poorer psychosocial functioning were the strongest predictors.The observed costs exceed those reported in previous studies, reflecting both the adopted methodology and the high proportion of residential patients. Employment status emerges as the main cross diagnostic predictor of cost, confirming evidence that work represents a protective factor for mental health. Furthermore, clinical severity, cognitive deficits, and poor treatment adherence significantly contribute to increased costs. Future studies should include the estimation of pharmacological costs, expand the sample size, and improve the representativeness of community-based settings. It will be crucial to evaluate interventions targeting cognitive functioning, employment support, and the improvement of treatment adherence, in order to reduce costs and promote functional remission.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
TESI Calzavara Pinton Corretto.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
845.54 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
845.54 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/380326
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-380326