The doctoral research examines the role of the national judge in international protection as a key node within the multilevel system of protection, asking how dialogue between courts affects not only the definition of the applicable standards but also the decision-making techniques concretely employed in asylum adjudication. On this basis, the thesis is structured around two main and complementary research questions: a) In what forms does European judicial dialogue in the field of international protection take shape, both generally and in the specific context of the Italian case? b) How does this process of coordination and dialogue between national and supranational jurisdictions affect the decision-making methodologies and procedural practices of the judge dealing with international protection? The thesis starts from the need to examine the position of the national judge within the European system of international protection, in order to determine whether that judge operates merely as the forum in which normative and jurisprudential standards developed elsewhere are applied, or also as the place where such standards are concretely specified in deciding the individual case. From this perspective, the inquiry focuses on the way in which the national judge receives, reworks and tests conventional and EU standards at the evidentiary and reasoning stages, translating them into decision-making techniques and adapting them to the specific features of the individual case. On this basis, the research does not confine itself to the most visible forms of vertical interaction between courts, but also considers the less formalised ways in which judicial dialogue may emerge in practice: in the use of precedents, in the conduct of the evidentiary phase, and in the construction of judicial reasoning. The logical structure of the research unfolds in two main movements. The first part reconstructs the multilevel framework within which the judge dealing with international protection is called upon to operate. It first examines the relevant supranational standards, highlighting the role played by the European Court of Human Rights in developing the prohibition of refoulement and the related procedural safeguards, as well as the harmonising function of the Court of Justice of the European Union in shaping the Common European Asylum System. Against this background, the thesis addresses the problem of the “double compliance” incumbent on the national judge, who is required, in the individual case, to reconcile Convention standards and rules of EU law, while at the same time remaining faithful to domestic law. The second chapter of the first part applies these coordinates to the Italian case, distinguishing between the different configurations of judicial dialogue: vertical dialogue with Strasbourg and Luxembourg, but also horizontal and transnational dialogue among national judges. This section performs a precise methodological function: namely, to show that judicial dialogue is both a structural feature of the system and a practice of adjudication. The second part focuses on the role of first-instance adjudication as the privileged site in which these dynamics emerge, adopting a partly comparative approach. The analysis begins with the Italian case study, paying particular attention to the specialised Section of the Court of Milan, examined both in terms of its procedural functioning and through a reasoned sample of decisions collected and organised in the open-access database EUMigrCaseLaw. The database is not merely an applied outcome of the project, but also a methodological tool of the research, because it makes it possible to observe and compare decision-making techniques, the selection of precedents, the use of country of origin information, and the argumentative structure of judicial decisions. The comparison with the Conseil du contentieux des étrangers in Brussels then makes it possible to verify, from a comparative perspective, how different institutional arrangements affect the organisation of adjudication, the visibility of specialisation, and the ways in which the national judge is inserted into European judicial dialogue, without undermining the shared centrality of first-instance proceedings as the effective locus of fact-finding. As regards methodology, the research adopts an integrated approach, combining the theoretical and systematic reconstruction of supranational case law and the multilevel framework with an empirical-qualitative analysis of first-instance case law, a comparative observation of decision-making practices, and fieldwork carried out within the institutional contexts examined. From this perspective, the thesis seeks to offer an interpretation of the judge in international protection that is attentive not only to the normative framework and the precedents of the higher courts, but also to decision-making techniques, the use of sources, and the concrete ways in which protection takes shape in the individual case, including through fieldwork and direct engagement with the actors involved in the procedure. The work is based on reasoned samples of decisions and on a predominantly qualitative approach, aimed at bringing to light decision-making techniques, the use of sources, the structure of judicial reasoning and working practices, rather than at providing statistically representative results or findings capable of being generalised to the case-law landscape as a whole. Methodologically, the research is situated within a perspective that combines close qualitative reading of judicial decisions with a comparable structuring of legal materials, according to a logic of integration between different approaches which, also in migration studies, is increasingly valued as a useful means of overcoming an excessively rigid opposition between qualitative and quantitative methods. Delimitation of the Scope of the Research : It is important at the outset to clarify what the present research does not seek to explore, so as to define more precisely the axes of the inquiry and the reach of the conclusions it advances. At the level of multilevel analysis and the various forms of judicial dialogue, the thesis does not aim to provide a comprehensive reconstruction of all the interactions between the courts involved in the protection of fundamental rights within the European system. In particular, it does not undertake an autonomous examination of the relationship between the Constitutional Court, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, which remains a central issue in the debate on multilevel constitutionalism, nor of the related question of so-called double preliminary reference. This is an area already extensively explored in the literature, to which the present study can only refer, having instead chosen as its privileged point of observation the ordinary judge dealing with international protection and the concrete ways in which dialogue between courts affects adjudication in asylum proceedings. This choice is consistent with the overall orientation of the research, which approaches the multilevel dimension not so much as an abstract scheme of relations between legal orders, but rather as a concrete condition shaping the exercise of jurisdiction in matters of international protection. As regards the object of comparison, the research does not seek to reconstruct exhaustively the entirety of the relevant litigation, nor to provide a complete account of the Italian and Belgian national systems in all their institutional, procedural and jurisprudential dimensions. Rather, the inquiry has been deliberately limited to the relationship between multilevel protection and jurisdiction, taking as its principal vantage point first-instance adjudication and, from a comparative perspective, two specific contexts: Milan as the main case study, and Brussels for comparative purposes. To this delimitation must be added structural limits inherent in the object of study itself. The field of international protection is characterised by a continuous production of legislation and case law, by frequent reforms, and by substantial and constantly evolving litigation. Any attempt at systematic observation therefore inevitably encounters the limitation of the partial nature of the material collected in relation to an object that is itself in flux, all the more so where the analysis focuses on first-instance decisions, which are often not readily accessible and are closely bound to the contingencies of the individual case. For similar reasons, the relationship with case law from the courts of last instance and other higher courts is examined primarily insofar as it becomes visible in reasoning techniques, in the use of precedents, and in the mechanisms through which standards circulate, rather than through a complete and autonomous reconstruction of their respective bodies of litigation. From this perspective, the limits affecting access to the materials, the different breadth of the samples capable of being examined, the temporal delimitation of the observation, and the necessarily circumscribed nature of the research path reflect a methodological choice: namely, to privilege the study of methods, practices and forms of adjudication over a totalising or merely quantitative reconstruction of the phenomenon.
La ricerca di dottorato indaga il ruolo del giudice nazionale della protezione internazionale quale snodo del sistema multilivello di tutela, interrogandosi sul modo in cui il dialogo tra corti incida non soltanto sulla definizione degli standard applicabili, ma anche sulle tecniche decisorie concretamente impiegate nel giudizio di asilo. Muovendo da tale premessa, il lavoro si struttura attorno a due domande di ricerca principali e complementari tra loro: a) In quali forme si articola il dialogo giurisdizionale europeo in materia di protezione internazionale, in via generale e nella specificità del caso italiano? b) In che modo tale raccordo-dialogo tra giurisdizioni nazionali e sovranazionali influisce sulle metodologie decisionali e sulle prassi procedurali del giudice della protezione internazionale? La tesi prende le mosse dall’esigenza di interrogare la posizione del giudice nazionale nel sistema europeo della protezione internazionale, verificando se egli operi soltanto come sede di applicazione di standard normativi e giurisprudenziali elaborati altrove oppure anche come luogo in cui tali standard vengono concretamente precisati nella decisione del caso. In questa prospettiva, l’indagine si concentra sul modo in cui il giudice nazionale recepisce, rielabora e sottopone a verifica, sul piano probatorio e motivazionale, i parametri convenzionali e unionali, traducendoli in tecniche decisionali e adattandoli alle peculiarità della vicenda individuale. Su tale base, la ricerca non si limita alle forme più visibili di interazione verticale tra corti, ma prende in esame anche le modalità meno formalizzate attraverso cui il dialogo giurisdizionale può emergere nella prassi: nell’uso dei precedenti, nella gestione dell’istruttoria e nella costruzione della motivazione. Il percorso logico seguito dalla ricerca si articola in due movimenti principali. La prima parte ricostruisce il quadro multilivello nel quale il giudice della protezione internazionale è chiamato a operare. In particolare, vengono dapprima esaminati gli standard sovranazionali rilevanti, mettendo in luce il ruolo svolto dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo nell’elaborazione del divieto di refoulement e delle connesse garanzie procedurali, nonché la funzione armonizzatrice della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea nella costruzione del sistema comune europeo di asilo. Su questo sfondo, il lavoro affronta il problema della “doppia conformità” che grava sul giudice nazionale, chiamato a rendere compatibili, nel caso concreto, standard convenzionali e normative di diritto dell’Unione, mantenendo contemporaneamente fede al diritto interno. Il secondo capitolo della prima parte cala tali coordinate nel caso italiano, distinguendo le diverse configurazioni del dialogo giurisdizionale: verticale con Strasburgo e Lussemburgo, ma anche orizzontale e transnazionale tra giudici nazionali. Questa sezione assolve a una precisa funzione metodologica: mostrare che il dialogo giurisdizionale è insieme struttura del sistema e pratica del decidere. La seconda parte si concentra sul ruolo della giurisdizione di primo grado quale sede privilegiata di emersione di tali dinamiche, adottando un approccio in parte comparato. L’analisi prende avvio dal caso studio italiano, con particolare attenzione alla Sezione specializzata del Tribunale di Milano, esaminata sia nel suo funzionamento processuale, sia attraverso un campione ragionato di decisioni raccolte e organizzate nella banca dati open access EUMigrCaseLaw. La banca dati non costituisce soltanto un esito applicativo del progetto, ma uno strumento metodologico della ricerca, perché consente di rendere osservabili e comparabili le tecniche decisionali, la selezione dei precedenti, l’uso delle fonti informative sui Paesi di origine e la struttura argomentativa dei provvedimenti. Il confronto con il Conseil du contentieux des étrangers di Bruxelles consente poi di verificare, in chiave comparata, come assetti istituzionali diversi influenzino l’organizzazione del giudizio, la visibilità della specializzazione e le forme di inserimento del giudice nazionale nel dialogo europeo, senza far venir meno la comune centralità del primo grado quale luogo effettivo dell’accertamento. Per quanto riguarda la metodologia adottata, la ricerca adotta un approccio integrato, che combina la ricostruzione teorico-sistematica della giurisprudenza sovranazionale e del quadro multilivello con l’analisi empirico-qualitativa della giurisprudenza di merito, l’osservazione comparata delle prassi decisionali e l’indagine sul campo presso i contesti istituzionali esaminati. In questa prospettiva, la tesi intende offrire una chiave di lettura del giudice della protezione internazionale attenta non solo al dato normativo e ai precedenti delle Corti superiori, ma anche alle tecniche del decidere, all’uso delle fonti e alle modalità concrete attraverso cui la tutela prende forma nel caso individuale, anche attraverso indagine sul campo e confronto diretto con gli attori della procedura. Il lavoro si fonda su campioni ragionati di decisioni e su un approccio prevalentemente qualitativo, orientato a far emergere tecniche decisionali, uso delle fonti, struttura della motivazione e prassi di lavoro, più che a fornire risultati statisticamente rappresentativi o generalizzabili all’intero panorama giurisprudenziale. In termini metodologici, la ricerca si colloca in una prospettiva che combina lettura qualitativa ravvicinata dei provvedimenti e strutturazione comparabile del materiale giuridico, secondo una logica di integrazione tra approcci diversi che, anche negli studi sulle migrazioni, viene ormai valorizzata come utile a superare una contrapposizione troppo rigida tra qualitativo e quantitativo. Limitazione dell’indagine : È bene fin da subito precisare che cosa la presente ricerca non si propone di esplorare, così da delimitare con maggiore nettezza gli assi dell’indagine e la portata dei risultati cui essa perviene. Sul piano dell’analisi multilivello e delle forme del dialogo giurisdizionale, il lavoro non intende offrire una ricostruzione completa di tutte le interazioni tra le Corti che concorrono alla tutela dei diritti fondamentali nel sistema europeo. In particolare, non forma oggetto di autonomo approfondimento il profilo, pure centrale nel dibattito sul costituzionalismo multilivello, del rapporto tra Corte costituzionale, Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo e Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, né il connesso tema della c.d. doppia pregiudizialità. Si tratta di un versante ampiamente esplorato dalla dottrina, al quale il presente lavoro può soltanto rinviare, avendo scelto di assumere come osservatorio privilegiato il giudice ordinario della protezione internazionale e le forme concrete attraverso cui il dialogo tra corti incide sul decidere nel giudizio di asilo. Tale scelta si colloca in continuità con l’impostazione complessiva della ricerca, che guarda al multilivello non tanto come schema astratto di rapporti fra ordinamenti, quanto come condizione concreta di esercizio della giurisdizione in materia di protezione internazionale. Sul piano dell’oggetto della comparazione, la ricerca non si propone neppure di ricostruire in modo esaustivo l’intero contenzioso in materia, né di descrivere compiutamente i sistemi nazionali italiano e belga in tutti i loro profili ordinamentali, procedurali e giurisprudenziali. L’indagine è stata invece deliberatamente circoscritta al rapporto tra tutela multilivello e giurisdizione, assumendo come punto di osservazione principale il giudizio di primo grado e, in chiave comparata, due contesti specifici: Milano, quale caso studio principale, e Bruxelles, con funzione comparativa. A tale delimitazione si aggiungono limiti strutturali propri dell’oggetto studiato. La materia della protezione internazionale è caratterizzata da una produzione normativa e giurisprudenziale continua, da frequenti interventi di riforma e da un contenzioso numericamente rilevante e in costante evoluzione. Ogni tentativo di osservazione sistematica incontra dunque inevitabilmente il limite della parzialità del dato raccolto rispetto a un oggetto in trasformazione, tanto più quando l’analisi si concentra su decisioni di merito, spesso non agevolmente accessibili e strettamente legate alla contingenza del caso concreto. Per analoghe ragioni, il rapporto con la giurisprudenza di legittimità e con le altre Corti superiori viene osservato soprattutto nella misura in cui esso si renda visibile nelle tecniche motivazionali, nell’uso dei precedenti e nei meccanismi di circolazione degli standard, più che attraverso una ricostruzione completa e autonoma dei rispettivi contenziosi. In questa prospettiva, i limiti di accesso ai materiali, la diversa ampiezza dei campioni esaminabili, la selezione temporale dell’osservazione e il carattere necessariamente circoscritto del percorso di ricerca rappresentano il riflesso di una scelta metodologica: privilegiare il dato del metodo, delle pratiche e delle forme del decidere rispetto a una ricostruzione totalizzante o meramente quantitativa del fenomeno.
IL GIUDICE DELLA PROTEZIONE INTERNAZIONALE TRA METODO DECISIONALE E DIALOGO GIURISDIZIONALESTUDIO COMPARATO TRA LA SEZIONE SPECIALIZZATA DEL TRIBUNALE DI MILANO E IL CONSEIL DU CONTENTIEUX DES ÉTRANGERS
MORLOTTI, SARA
2026
Abstract
The doctoral research examines the role of the national judge in international protection as a key node within the multilevel system of protection, asking how dialogue between courts affects not only the definition of the applicable standards but also the decision-making techniques concretely employed in asylum adjudication. On this basis, the thesis is structured around two main and complementary research questions: a) In what forms does European judicial dialogue in the field of international protection take shape, both generally and in the specific context of the Italian case? b) How does this process of coordination and dialogue between national and supranational jurisdictions affect the decision-making methodologies and procedural practices of the judge dealing with international protection? The thesis starts from the need to examine the position of the national judge within the European system of international protection, in order to determine whether that judge operates merely as the forum in which normative and jurisprudential standards developed elsewhere are applied, or also as the place where such standards are concretely specified in deciding the individual case. From this perspective, the inquiry focuses on the way in which the national judge receives, reworks and tests conventional and EU standards at the evidentiary and reasoning stages, translating them into decision-making techniques and adapting them to the specific features of the individual case. On this basis, the research does not confine itself to the most visible forms of vertical interaction between courts, but also considers the less formalised ways in which judicial dialogue may emerge in practice: in the use of precedents, in the conduct of the evidentiary phase, and in the construction of judicial reasoning. The logical structure of the research unfolds in two main movements. The first part reconstructs the multilevel framework within which the judge dealing with international protection is called upon to operate. It first examines the relevant supranational standards, highlighting the role played by the European Court of Human Rights in developing the prohibition of refoulement and the related procedural safeguards, as well as the harmonising function of the Court of Justice of the European Union in shaping the Common European Asylum System. Against this background, the thesis addresses the problem of the “double compliance” incumbent on the national judge, who is required, in the individual case, to reconcile Convention standards and rules of EU law, while at the same time remaining faithful to domestic law. The second chapter of the first part applies these coordinates to the Italian case, distinguishing between the different configurations of judicial dialogue: vertical dialogue with Strasbourg and Luxembourg, but also horizontal and transnational dialogue among national judges. This section performs a precise methodological function: namely, to show that judicial dialogue is both a structural feature of the system and a practice of adjudication. The second part focuses on the role of first-instance adjudication as the privileged site in which these dynamics emerge, adopting a partly comparative approach. The analysis begins with the Italian case study, paying particular attention to the specialised Section of the Court of Milan, examined both in terms of its procedural functioning and through a reasoned sample of decisions collected and organised in the open-access database EUMigrCaseLaw. The database is not merely an applied outcome of the project, but also a methodological tool of the research, because it makes it possible to observe and compare decision-making techniques, the selection of precedents, the use of country of origin information, and the argumentative structure of judicial decisions. The comparison with the Conseil du contentieux des étrangers in Brussels then makes it possible to verify, from a comparative perspective, how different institutional arrangements affect the organisation of adjudication, the visibility of specialisation, and the ways in which the national judge is inserted into European judicial dialogue, without undermining the shared centrality of first-instance proceedings as the effective locus of fact-finding. As regards methodology, the research adopts an integrated approach, combining the theoretical and systematic reconstruction of supranational case law and the multilevel framework with an empirical-qualitative analysis of first-instance case law, a comparative observation of decision-making practices, and fieldwork carried out within the institutional contexts examined. From this perspective, the thesis seeks to offer an interpretation of the judge in international protection that is attentive not only to the normative framework and the precedents of the higher courts, but also to decision-making techniques, the use of sources, and the concrete ways in which protection takes shape in the individual case, including through fieldwork and direct engagement with the actors involved in the procedure. The work is based on reasoned samples of decisions and on a predominantly qualitative approach, aimed at bringing to light decision-making techniques, the use of sources, the structure of judicial reasoning and working practices, rather than at providing statistically representative results or findings capable of being generalised to the case-law landscape as a whole. Methodologically, the research is situated within a perspective that combines close qualitative reading of judicial decisions with a comparable structuring of legal materials, according to a logic of integration between different approaches which, also in migration studies, is increasingly valued as a useful means of overcoming an excessively rigid opposition between qualitative and quantitative methods. Delimitation of the Scope of the Research : It is important at the outset to clarify what the present research does not seek to explore, so as to define more precisely the axes of the inquiry and the reach of the conclusions it advances. At the level of multilevel analysis and the various forms of judicial dialogue, the thesis does not aim to provide a comprehensive reconstruction of all the interactions between the courts involved in the protection of fundamental rights within the European system. In particular, it does not undertake an autonomous examination of the relationship between the Constitutional Court, the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, which remains a central issue in the debate on multilevel constitutionalism, nor of the related question of so-called double preliminary reference. This is an area already extensively explored in the literature, to which the present study can only refer, having instead chosen as its privileged point of observation the ordinary judge dealing with international protection and the concrete ways in which dialogue between courts affects adjudication in asylum proceedings. This choice is consistent with the overall orientation of the research, which approaches the multilevel dimension not so much as an abstract scheme of relations between legal orders, but rather as a concrete condition shaping the exercise of jurisdiction in matters of international protection. As regards the object of comparison, the research does not seek to reconstruct exhaustively the entirety of the relevant litigation, nor to provide a complete account of the Italian and Belgian national systems in all their institutional, procedural and jurisprudential dimensions. Rather, the inquiry has been deliberately limited to the relationship between multilevel protection and jurisdiction, taking as its principal vantage point first-instance adjudication and, from a comparative perspective, two specific contexts: Milan as the main case study, and Brussels for comparative purposes. To this delimitation must be added structural limits inherent in the object of study itself. The field of international protection is characterised by a continuous production of legislation and case law, by frequent reforms, and by substantial and constantly evolving litigation. Any attempt at systematic observation therefore inevitably encounters the limitation of the partial nature of the material collected in relation to an object that is itself in flux, all the more so where the analysis focuses on first-instance decisions, which are often not readily accessible and are closely bound to the contingencies of the individual case. For similar reasons, the relationship with case law from the courts of last instance and other higher courts is examined primarily insofar as it becomes visible in reasoning techniques, in the use of precedents, and in the mechanisms through which standards circulate, rather than through a complete and autonomous reconstruction of their respective bodies of litigation. From this perspective, the limits affecting access to the materials, the different breadth of the samples capable of being examined, the temporal delimitation of the observation, and the necessarily circumscribed nature of the research path reflect a methodological choice: namely, to privilege the study of methods, practices and forms of adjudication over a totalising or merely quantitative reconstruction of the phenomenon.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/380713
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-380713