This doctoral research analyses the energy and technological transition of an Italian ceramic manufacturing cooperative, a sector characterised by high energy intensity and specific production structures that make it a particularly relevant context for studying energy efficiency dynamics in manufacturing. The work is positioned at the intersection of three research streams traditionally treated separately in the literature — industrial energy efficiency, manufacturing digital transformation, and production system resilience — proposing an integrated methodological framework that connects them systematically through the application of Energy Performance Indicators (EnPI). The theoretical framework integrates the Industry 5.0 paradigm — with its pillars of sustainability, resilience, and human-centricity — with Hollnagel's Resilience Engineering framework and the Joint Cognitive Systems model developed by Hollnagel and Woods, situating the empirical analysis within a conceptual architecture that recognises the technical, organisational, and human dimensions of transition as inseparable components of a sustainable production system. Methodologically, the research adopts a single case study design with a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of energy consumption time series — conducted through the systematic application of EnPIs as defined by ISO 50001:2018 and ISO 50006:2017 — with a qualitative analysis of the firm's production and organisational context. The main indicator adopted — defined as TEP per net saleable piece — departs from the conventional ceramic sector approach based on tonnes of product, representing a methodologically motivated choice driven by the specificities of the product portfolio and the operational structure of the firing process. The main findings document an estimated annual energy saving of 106.2 TOE, corresponding to a 16.1% reduction in specific energy intensity relative to the 2023 baseline, achievable through three primary interventions: replacement of the firing kiln with a new high-efficiency system — contributing 68% of total savings — an integrated thermal recovery system connecting the kiln and the dryer — contributing 23% — and operational process optimisation enabled by the digital monitoring system — contributing the remaining 9%. The installation of a 141.9 kWp photovoltaic system adds a complementary energy benefit, with a theoretical coverage of 70% of electrical demand and an estimated real self-consumption rate of 55-65%, contributing to an additional reduction of approximately 50 tCO₂/year. The overall result falls within the 12-20% benchmark range documented by Confindustria Ceramica for comparable interventions in the sector, confirming its plausibility and sectoral relevance. Regarding operational resilience, the research proposes and applies EnPIs as measurable proxies of the production system's adaptive capacity with respect to energy market perturbations, operationalising Hollnagel's "four abilities" framework — anticipate, monitor, respond, learn — in terms of verifiable quantitative indicators. Regarding the human dimension, the analysis discusses the implications of digital technology adoption for operators' augmented cognition, interpreting the process of alignment between Work-as-Imagined and Work-as-Done through the Safety-II framework as a necessary condition for the full realisation of the energy efficiency potential of the implemented technological interventions. The main limitations of the study — its single case study nature, the predominantly predictive nature of the savings estimates, and its focus on the energy dimension — are explicitly acknowledged and inform a future research agenda that includes empirical ex-post validation, extension to comparative multi-case studies in the ceramic sector, and integration of organisational resilience indicators into the energy evaluation framework. The original contribution of the research is methodological and empirical in nature: it proposes a replicable quantitative framework for energy efficiency assessment in ceramic production contexts with high product heterogeneity, compliant with ISO standards and the Italian Transition 5.0 Plan guidelines, and documents its application in a real case study, contributing to an empirical evidence base that remains insufficient in the existing scientific literature on the topic.
La presente ricerca analizza il percorso di transizione energetica e tecnologica di una cooperativa operante nel settore ceramico italiano, caratterizzato da elevata intensità energetica e da una struttura produttiva con specificità proprie che rendono questo settore un contesto di particolare rilevanza per lo studio delle dinamiche di efficientamento energetico in ambito manifatturiero. Il lavoro si posiziona all'intersezione di tre filoni della letteratura scientifica tradizionalmente trattati in modo separato — l'efficienza energetica industriale, la trasformazione digitale manifatturiera e la resilienza dei sistemi produttivi — proponendo un framework metodologico integrato che li connette in modo sistematico attraverso l'applicazione degli Energy Performance Indicators (EnPI). Il quadro teorico di riferimento integra il paradigma della Manifattura 5.0 — con i suoi pilastri di sostenibilità, resilienza e centralità umana — con il framework della Resilience Engineering di Hollnagel e con il modello dei Joint Cognitive Systems di Hollnagel e Woods, collocando l'analisi empirica all'interno di una cornice concettuale che riconosce la dimensione tecnica, organizzativa e umana della transizione come elementi inscindibili di un sistema produttivo sostenibile. Sul piano metodologico, la ricerca adotta un design di caso studio singolo con approccio mixed-methods, combinando l'analisi quantitativa delle serie storiche dei consumi energetici — condotta attraverso l'applicazione sistematica degli EnPI definiti dalla norma ISO 50001:2018 e ISO 50006:2017 — con un'analisi qualitativa del contesto produttivo e organizzativo dell'impresa. L'indicatore principale adottato — definito come TEP per pezzo netto vendibile — si discosta dall'approccio convenzionale del settore ceramico basato sulle tonnellate di prodotto, e rappresenta una scelta metodologicamente motivata dalle specificità del portafoglio prodotti e dalla struttura operativa del processo di cottura. I risultati principali della ricerca documentano un risparmio energetico annuo stimato pari a 106,2 TEP, corrispondente a una riduzione del 16,1% dell'intensità energetica specifica del processo produttivo rispetto alla baseline 2023, conseguibile attraverso la combinazione di tre interventi principali: la sostituzione del forno di cottura con un impianto di nuova generazione ad alta efficienza energetica — che contribuisce per il 68% al risparmio complessivo — il sistema di recupero termico integrato forno-essiccatore — che contribuisce per il 23% — e l'ottimizzazione operativa dei processi abilitata dal sistema di monitoraggio digitale — che contribuisce per il 9% residuo. L'installazione di un impianto fotovoltaico da 141,9 kWp aggiunge un beneficio energetico complementare, con una copertura teorica del 70% del fabbisogno elettrico e un autoconsumo reale stimato del 55-65%, contribuendo a una riduzione aggiuntiva di circa 50 tCO₂/anno. Il risultato complessivo si colloca all'interno dell'intervallo di benchmark del 12-20% documentato da Confindustria Ceramica per interventi analoghi nel settore, confermandone la plausibilità e la rilevanza settoriale. Sul piano della resilienza operativa, la ricerca propone e applica l'utilizzo degli EnPI come proxy misurabili della capacità adattiva del sistema produttivo rispetto alle perturbazioni dei mercati energetici, operazionalizzando il framework delle "four abilities" di Hollnagel — anticipare, monitorare, rispondere, apprendere — in termini di indicatori quantitativi verificabili. Sul piano della dimensione umana, l'analisi discute le implicazioni dell'adozione delle tecnologie digitali per la cognizione aumentata degli operatori, interpretando il processo di allineamento tra Work-as-Imagined e Work-as-Done attraverso il framework della Safety-II come condizione necessaria per la piena realizzazione del potenziale di efficientamento energetico degli interventi tecnologici implementati. I limiti principali dello studio — la natura di caso studio singolo, la prevalente natura previsionale delle stime di risparmio e la focalizzazione sulla dimensione energetica — sono esplicitati con trasparenza e orientano un'agenda di ricerca futura che include la validazione empirica ex-post, l'estensione a studi comparativi multi-caso nel settore ceramico e l'integrazione degli indicatori di resilienza organizzativa nel framework di valutazione energetica. Il contributo originale della ricerca è di natura metodologica ed empirica: propone un framework quantitativo replicabile per la valutazione dell'efficientamento energetico in contesti ceramici ad alta eterogeneità produttiva, conforme agli standard ISO e alle linee guida del Piano Transizione 5.0, e ne documenta l'applicazione in un caso studio reale, contribuendo a un corpus di evidenze empiriche ancora insufficiente nella letteratura scientifica sul tema.
Energy performance indicators come strumento di valutazione della transizione verso la manifattura 5.0: un caso studio nel settore ceramico ad alta intensità energetica
SACCHETTINO, LUDOVICA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral research analyses the energy and technological transition of an Italian ceramic manufacturing cooperative, a sector characterised by high energy intensity and specific production structures that make it a particularly relevant context for studying energy efficiency dynamics in manufacturing. The work is positioned at the intersection of three research streams traditionally treated separately in the literature — industrial energy efficiency, manufacturing digital transformation, and production system resilience — proposing an integrated methodological framework that connects them systematically through the application of Energy Performance Indicators (EnPI). The theoretical framework integrates the Industry 5.0 paradigm — with its pillars of sustainability, resilience, and human-centricity — with Hollnagel's Resilience Engineering framework and the Joint Cognitive Systems model developed by Hollnagel and Woods, situating the empirical analysis within a conceptual architecture that recognises the technical, organisational, and human dimensions of transition as inseparable components of a sustainable production system. Methodologically, the research adopts a single case study design with a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of energy consumption time series — conducted through the systematic application of EnPIs as defined by ISO 50001:2018 and ISO 50006:2017 — with a qualitative analysis of the firm's production and organisational context. The main indicator adopted — defined as TEP per net saleable piece — departs from the conventional ceramic sector approach based on tonnes of product, representing a methodologically motivated choice driven by the specificities of the product portfolio and the operational structure of the firing process. The main findings document an estimated annual energy saving of 106.2 TOE, corresponding to a 16.1% reduction in specific energy intensity relative to the 2023 baseline, achievable through three primary interventions: replacement of the firing kiln with a new high-efficiency system — contributing 68% of total savings — an integrated thermal recovery system connecting the kiln and the dryer — contributing 23% — and operational process optimisation enabled by the digital monitoring system — contributing the remaining 9%. The installation of a 141.9 kWp photovoltaic system adds a complementary energy benefit, with a theoretical coverage of 70% of electrical demand and an estimated real self-consumption rate of 55-65%, contributing to an additional reduction of approximately 50 tCO₂/year. The overall result falls within the 12-20% benchmark range documented by Confindustria Ceramica for comparable interventions in the sector, confirming its plausibility and sectoral relevance. Regarding operational resilience, the research proposes and applies EnPIs as measurable proxies of the production system's adaptive capacity with respect to energy market perturbations, operationalising Hollnagel's "four abilities" framework — anticipate, monitor, respond, learn — in terms of verifiable quantitative indicators. Regarding the human dimension, the analysis discusses the implications of digital technology adoption for operators' augmented cognition, interpreting the process of alignment between Work-as-Imagined and Work-as-Done through the Safety-II framework as a necessary condition for the full realisation of the energy efficiency potential of the implemented technological interventions. The main limitations of the study — its single case study nature, the predominantly predictive nature of the savings estimates, and its focus on the energy dimension — are explicitly acknowledged and inform a future research agenda that includes empirical ex-post validation, extension to comparative multi-case studies in the ceramic sector, and integration of organisational resilience indicators into the energy evaluation framework. The original contribution of the research is methodological and empirical in nature: it proposes a replicable quantitative framework for energy efficiency assessment in ceramic production contexts with high product heterogeneity, compliant with ISO standards and the Italian Transition 5.0 Plan guidelines, and documents its application in a real case study, contributing to an empirical evidence base that remains insufficient in the existing scientific literature on the topic.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/380912
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-380912