Lactic acid bacteria possess a remarkable biosynthetic versatility that enables the selection of strains capable of producing bioactive compounds of great interest for human health, including B-group vitamins. In lactic acid bacteria, riboflavin (Vitamin B2) synthesis is regulated by the rib operon through a genetic control element called an FMN-riboswitch. Under normal conditions, the presence of the FMN ligand triggers a transcriptional block state that halts vitamin synthesis. However, by exposing Vitamin B2-prototrophic bacteria to a toxic structural analogue of riboflavin, roseoflavin, it is possible to isolate spontaneous mutants carrying specific mutations in the riboswitch. Such genetic modifications abolish transcriptional repression, allowing the bacterium to produce the vitamin constitutively and in high amounts. In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains isolated from wild Mediterranean fruits were cultured in a riboflavin-free chemically defined medium (CDM) and treated with roseoflavin. Molecular sequence analysis of the seven overproducing strains obtained revealed that single-point mutations were concentrated in the aptamer domain of the riboswitch, drastically reducing its regulatory activity and increasing gene expression levels by 1.5- to 3-fold compared to the wild-type strain. Among all isolates, the L. plantarum Lp 187_B2 strain exhibited the highest biosynthetic capacity, reaching a riboflavin production level of 6 mg/L. Evaluated for its functional properties, the Lp 187_B2 strain demonstrated excellent resistance to gastrointestinal stress conditions and a marked antagonistic activity against undesirable bacteria. Furthermore, in vitro cellular model assays highlighted extraordinary postbiotic potential: its derivatives increased transepithelial electrical resistance in Caco-2 intestinal cells, strengthening epithelial barrier integrity, and strongly suppressed TNF-alpha release in inflamed co-culture models, demonstrating pronounced anti-inflammatory capabilities. From a food technology perspective, the Lp 187_B2 strain was used as a fermentation starter in five different plant-based beverage formulations composed of amaranth and lupin. During the fermentation process, microbial load increased significantly, remaining stable throughout 30 days of storage and inducing rapid matrix acidification that brought the pH below 3.5, ensuring safety and stability. Digestibility simulations further revealed a key "matrix effect," demonstrating that lupin-rich beverages exert a protective effect on the probiotic bacterium during gastrointestinal transit, enhancing its survival compared to formulations based solely on amaranth. In conclusion, this research validates a sustainable, non-genetically modified approach for selecting vitamin-overproducing lactic acid bacteria, confirming the L. plantarum Lp 187_B2 strain as an ideal candidate for developing functional ingredients and clean-label plant-based beverages capable of promoting health and intestinal homeostasis.
I batteri lattici possiedono una spiccata versatilità biosintetica che consente di selezionare ceppi capaci di produrre composti bioattivi di grande interesse per la salute umana, tra cui le vitamine del gruppo B. Nei batteri lattici, la sintesi della riboflavina (Vitamina B2) è regolata dall'operone rib attraverso un elemento di controllo genetico chiamato FMN-riboswitch. In condizioni normali, la presenza del ligando FMN attiva uno stato di blocco trascrizionale che arresta la sintesi della vitamina. Tuttavia, esponendo batteri prototrofi per la Vitamina B2 a un analogo tossico della riboflavina, la roseoflavina, è possibile isolare mutanti spontanei con mutazioni specifiche nel riboswitch. Tali modificazioni genetiche aboliscono la repressione trascrizionale, permettendo al batterio di produrre la vitamina in modo costitutivo ed elevato. In questo studio, ceppi di Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolati da frutti selvatici del Mediterraneo sono stati coltivati in un terreno sintetico (CDM) privo di riboflavina e trattati con roseoflavina. L'analisi della sequenza molecolare dei sette ceppi overproduttori ottenuti, ha rivelato che le mutazioni puntiformi si sono concentrate nel dominio aptamero del riboswitch, riducendo drasticamente la sua attività regolatoria e incrementando l'espressione genica da 1,5 a 3 volte rispetto al ceppo selvatico. Tra tutti gli isolati, il ceppo L. plantarum Lp 187_B2 ha espresso la massima capacità biosintetica, raggiungendo una produzione di riboflavina pari a 6mg/L. Valutato per le sue proprietà funzionali, il ceppo Lp 187_B2 ha dimostrato un'eccellente resistenza alle condizioni di stress gastrointestinale e una marcata attività antagonista contro batteri indesiderati. Inoltre, le prove condotte su modelli cellulari in vitro hanno evidenziato un straordinario potenziale postbiotico: i suoi derivati hanno incrementato la resistenza elettrica trans-epiteliale nelle cellule intestinali Caco-2, rafforzando l'integrità della barriera epiteliale, e hanno soppresso con forza il rilascio di TNF-alfa in modelli di co-coltura infiammati, dimostrando spiccate capacità antinfiammatorie. Dal punto di vista della tecnologia alimentare, il ceppo Lp 187_B2 è stato impiegato come starter di fermentazione in cinque diverse formulazioni di bevande vegetali a base di amaranto e lupino. Durante il processo fermentativo, la carica batterica è aumentata significativamente, mantenendosi stabile per 30 giorni di conservazione e inducendo una rapida acidificazione della matrice che ha portato il pH a valori inferiori a 3,5 garantendo sicurezza e stabilità. La simulazione della digestione ha inoltre rivelato un’importante "effetto matrice", mostrando che le bevande ricche di lupino esercitano un'azione protettiva sul batterio probiotico durante il transito gastrointestinale, aumentandone la sopravvivenza rispetto alle formulazioni a base di solo amaranto. In conclusione, la ricerca valida un approccio sostenibile e non geneticamente modificato per la selezione di batteri lattici overproduttori di vitamine, confermando il ceppo L. plantarum Lp 187_B2 come un candidato ideale per lo sviluppo di ingredienti funzionali e bevande vegetali clean-label capaci di promuovere la salute e l'omeostasi intestinale.
Identification, characterization and application of vitamin B2 overproducing lactic acid bacteria
SCAURO, ANGELA
2026
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria possess a remarkable biosynthetic versatility that enables the selection of strains capable of producing bioactive compounds of great interest for human health, including B-group vitamins. In lactic acid bacteria, riboflavin (Vitamin B2) synthesis is regulated by the rib operon through a genetic control element called an FMN-riboswitch. Under normal conditions, the presence of the FMN ligand triggers a transcriptional block state that halts vitamin synthesis. However, by exposing Vitamin B2-prototrophic bacteria to a toxic structural analogue of riboflavin, roseoflavin, it is possible to isolate spontaneous mutants carrying specific mutations in the riboswitch. Such genetic modifications abolish transcriptional repression, allowing the bacterium to produce the vitamin constitutively and in high amounts. In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains isolated from wild Mediterranean fruits were cultured in a riboflavin-free chemically defined medium (CDM) and treated with roseoflavin. Molecular sequence analysis of the seven overproducing strains obtained revealed that single-point mutations were concentrated in the aptamer domain of the riboswitch, drastically reducing its regulatory activity and increasing gene expression levels by 1.5- to 3-fold compared to the wild-type strain. Among all isolates, the L. plantarum Lp 187_B2 strain exhibited the highest biosynthetic capacity, reaching a riboflavin production level of 6 mg/L. Evaluated for its functional properties, the Lp 187_B2 strain demonstrated excellent resistance to gastrointestinal stress conditions and a marked antagonistic activity against undesirable bacteria. Furthermore, in vitro cellular model assays highlighted extraordinary postbiotic potential: its derivatives increased transepithelial electrical resistance in Caco-2 intestinal cells, strengthening epithelial barrier integrity, and strongly suppressed TNF-alpha release in inflamed co-culture models, demonstrating pronounced anti-inflammatory capabilities. From a food technology perspective, the Lp 187_B2 strain was used as a fermentation starter in five different plant-based beverage formulations composed of amaranth and lupin. During the fermentation process, microbial load increased significantly, remaining stable throughout 30 days of storage and inducing rapid matrix acidification that brought the pH below 3.5, ensuring safety and stability. Digestibility simulations further revealed a key "matrix effect," demonstrating that lupin-rich beverages exert a protective effect on the probiotic bacterium during gastrointestinal transit, enhancing its survival compared to formulations based solely on amaranth. In conclusion, this research validates a sustainable, non-genetically modified approach for selecting vitamin-overproducing lactic acid bacteria, confirming the L. plantarum Lp 187_B2 strain as an ideal candidate for developing functional ingredients and clean-label plant-based beverages capable of promoting health and intestinal homeostasis.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/382254
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFG-382254