The present study arises from the need to understand the various forms the concept of partial nullity of the contract has taken within the legal system. Alongside Article 1419 of the Civil Code, special laws, often inspired by European law, have introduced into our legal system new types of nullity which require the remainder of the contract to continue in existence. The distinctive feature of these new laws is the recognition that the rest of the contract is unaffected by the voidance of a term. Based on these considerations, this study gradually explores the issue of the partial voidance of the contract, highlighting its various aspects and the distinct reasoning behind it. For this reason, Chapter I sets out the common features of partial nullity. To this end, the consequences of a declaration of partial nullity of the contract are examined, highlighting the implications of the removal of a contractual term. In addition, it is explored the notion of clause with the aim of identifying the area within which the removal of contractual terms operates. It is proposed that, to understand the meaning of clause and its relationship with partial nullity, it is appropriate to adopt a substantive approach that takes into account both parties’ interests. Chapter II is focused on an analysis of Article 1419 of the Civil Code. It is acknowledged that the first paragraph of the provision requires the interpreter to make a comparison between the contract entered into between the parties and the contract resulting from the partial nullity. It is highlighted the critical issues surrounding the legal features the first paragraph possesses: alongside subjective arguments that emphasise the real or hypothetical will of the parties to make the comparison, there are objective arguments that require only the maintenance of the purpose of the contract. The type of analysis also entails uncertainties, as there is debate to whether the comparison should be based on integrative or interpretative criteria. Afterwards, the thesis focuses on the second paragraph of Article 1419 of the Civil Code. It is demonstrated how the mechanism set out in Article 1419 par. 2 of the Civil Code for replacing the provisions requires the declaration of voidance of some terms of the contract. Once identified the nature of the phenomenon, it is outlined a systematic reconstruction of the provision and its relationship with Article 1339 of the Civil Code. Having clarified the complementary bond between the two articles, it is analysed the characteristic of the mandatory provisions used to enrich the contract. Then, it is examined the scope of the replacement of the contractual terms and the opportunity to find its rationale in the mandatory provisions. Chapter III focuses on the study of the so-called necessary partial nullity. To understand the reason why the rest of the contract must be unaffected, it is studied the relation between partial nullity and the market. After that, the focus is placed on the provisions of the Civil Code and Article 36 of the Consumer Code to highlight how the concept of partial nullity in consumer law requires the preservation of the terms of the transaction, as this reflects the interests of the contracting parties within the market. However, it is noted that sometimes the contract cannot continue in existence without the void terms. In this case, it is necessary to fill the gap caused by the removal of the clause. Finally, it is examined the conditions for extending the principle of necessary partial nullity in the absence of legislative provision. It is analysed the additional requirements imposed by the legal system to permit to fill the gap caused by the removal of terms with non-mandatory provisions when a contract cannot continue in existence without those terms.
La presente ricerca muove dalla necessità di comprendere le differenti manifestazioni che ha assunto all’interno dell’ordinamento il fenomeno della nullità parziale del contratto. Accanto alla disciplina dell’art. 1419 c.c. sono state introdotte, grazie alle norme di legislazione speciale, frequentemente di derivazione europea, inedite fattispecie di nullità che richiedono la necessaria conservazione del contratto per il resto. L’aspetto peculiare di queste nuove ipotesi risiede nell’affermazione del carattere necessariamente parziale dell’invalidità. Il lavoro, prendendo le mosse da tali riflessioni, si avvicina per gradi al fenomeno della caducazione parziale del regolamento contrattuale mettendone in evidenza le differenti declinazioni e le distinte logiche ad esso sotteso. Per tale motivo nel Capitolo I si ricostruiscono i tratti comuni della disciplina. Per farlo è necessario indagare gli esiti sul contratto della declaratoria di nullità parziale ponendo l’accento sulle conseguenze della rimozione di un elemento negoziale. A ciò si accompagna la necessità di definire il concetto di clausola in relazione al fenomeno dell’invalidità parziale. Lo scopo è quello di individuare il perimetro entro cui opera la rimozione di una parte del regolamento contrattuale. Si ravvisa come per inquadrare il concetto di clausola e il suo rapporto con la nullità parziale è opportuno valorizzare un approccio in senso sostanziale, quale punto di emersione degli interessi dei contraenti. Il Capitolo II è dedicato alla disamina dell’art. 1419 c.c. Il primo comma della previsione normativa si caratterizza per richiedere all’interprete di compiere un raffronto tra il contratto concluso dalle parti e quello risultante all’esito del giudizio di nullità parziale. L’opportunità di tale studio emerge se ci si sofferma sul dato normativo il quale non indica né gli strumenti né le modalità con cui compiere tale comparazione. Si ricostruiscono quindi sia le tesi soggettive, che valorizzano il compimento di una indagine parametrata sulla volontà reale o ipotetica delle parti, che le tesi oggettive che mettono in rilievo la perdurante utilità del negozio. Quanto poi alla modalità con cui compiere l’indagine si illustra il dibattito tra chi afferma che il giudizio di comparazione debba esser condotto sulla base di criteri interpretativi e chi, invece, valorizza un giudizio integrativo. L’analisi prosegue poi con il capoverso dell’art. 1419 c.c. Dapprima si dimostra la riconduzione del meccanismo sostitutivo alla nullità parziale. Individuata la natura del fenomeno, si analizza il collegamento tra la norma in commento e l’art. 1339 c.c. Chiarita la relazione di complementarità tra le due disposizioni, si mettono in evidenza le caratteristiche che deve avere la norma imperativa affinché si realizzi il meccanismo sostitutivo. Così ricostruito il perimetro della sostituzione automatica di clausole, si procede all’individuazione della ragione giustificativa del meccanismo derivante dagli artt. 1419 c. 2 e 1339 c.c. illustrando come occorra fare riferimento alle singole disposizioni imperative. Infine, il Capitolo III si sofferma sullo studio della nullità parziale necessaria. Si indaga il rapporto tra nullità parziale e mercato analizzando la differente relazione che si instaura tra tali elementi nell’art. 1419 c.c. e nelle ipotesi di legislazione speciale. Così chiarite le rationes della disciplina speciale ci si sofferma sulla relazione tra la norma codicistica e l’art. 36 cod. cons. sostenendo come la nullità consumeristica presupponga la conservazione dei termini dell’affare in quanto espressione degli interessi dei contraenti calati nel mercato. Si constata però come non sempre è possibile affermare la sopravvivenza del contratto a seguito della sola rimozione di una clausola. A tal fine, in presenza di una lacuna che riguarda la struttura del contratto si ritiene che sia possibile individuare il materiale integrativo nel diritto dispositivo. Successivamente si sono indagati i presupposti per ampliare, nel silenzio del legislatore, le ipotesi di operatività della nullità parziale necessaria interrogandosi anche su quali requisiti ulteriori richieda l’ordinamento al fine di permettere l’integrazione tramite diritto dispositivo.
LA NULLITÀ PARZIALE DEL CONTRATTO: LA GESTIONE DEL RAPPORTO DEPURATO TRA CODICE CIVILE E MERCATO
MANDELLI, GABRIELE
2026
Abstract
The present study arises from the need to understand the various forms the concept of partial nullity of the contract has taken within the legal system. Alongside Article 1419 of the Civil Code, special laws, often inspired by European law, have introduced into our legal system new types of nullity which require the remainder of the contract to continue in existence. The distinctive feature of these new laws is the recognition that the rest of the contract is unaffected by the voidance of a term. Based on these considerations, this study gradually explores the issue of the partial voidance of the contract, highlighting its various aspects and the distinct reasoning behind it. For this reason, Chapter I sets out the common features of partial nullity. To this end, the consequences of a declaration of partial nullity of the contract are examined, highlighting the implications of the removal of a contractual term. In addition, it is explored the notion of clause with the aim of identifying the area within which the removal of contractual terms operates. It is proposed that, to understand the meaning of clause and its relationship with partial nullity, it is appropriate to adopt a substantive approach that takes into account both parties’ interests. Chapter II is focused on an analysis of Article 1419 of the Civil Code. It is acknowledged that the first paragraph of the provision requires the interpreter to make a comparison between the contract entered into between the parties and the contract resulting from the partial nullity. It is highlighted the critical issues surrounding the legal features the first paragraph possesses: alongside subjective arguments that emphasise the real or hypothetical will of the parties to make the comparison, there are objective arguments that require only the maintenance of the purpose of the contract. The type of analysis also entails uncertainties, as there is debate to whether the comparison should be based on integrative or interpretative criteria. Afterwards, the thesis focuses on the second paragraph of Article 1419 of the Civil Code. It is demonstrated how the mechanism set out in Article 1419 par. 2 of the Civil Code for replacing the provisions requires the declaration of voidance of some terms of the contract. Once identified the nature of the phenomenon, it is outlined a systematic reconstruction of the provision and its relationship with Article 1339 of the Civil Code. Having clarified the complementary bond between the two articles, it is analysed the characteristic of the mandatory provisions used to enrich the contract. Then, it is examined the scope of the replacement of the contractual terms and the opportunity to find its rationale in the mandatory provisions. Chapter III focuses on the study of the so-called necessary partial nullity. To understand the reason why the rest of the contract must be unaffected, it is studied the relation between partial nullity and the market. After that, the focus is placed on the provisions of the Civil Code and Article 36 of the Consumer Code to highlight how the concept of partial nullity in consumer law requires the preservation of the terms of the transaction, as this reflects the interests of the contracting parties within the market. However, it is noted that sometimes the contract cannot continue in existence without the void terms. In this case, it is necessary to fill the gap caused by the removal of the clause. Finally, it is examined the conditions for extending the principle of necessary partial nullity in the absence of legislative provision. It is analysed the additional requirements imposed by the legal system to permit to fill the gap caused by the removal of terms with non-mandatory provisions when a contract cannot continue in existence without those terms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/382326
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-382326