In the realm of biology, the integration of mathematics has become increasingly indispensable, even within the field of entomology (the scientific study of insects, hence a branch of zoology). Moreover, the ongoing climate changes are poised to induce shifts in the habitats of invasive insect species. This phenomenon presents a critical challenge as indigenous flora often struggle to defend themselves against these new “predators”. Consequently, the application of mathematical models to predict the dynamics of these biological processes has never been more helpful to entomologists in developing reliable and accurate models. Indeed, the intricate interplay between climate change and insect behaviour necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to understanding and mitigating potential negative ecological consequences. Mathematics provides a powerful toolset for researchers and scientists to develop models that simulate and forecast the complex interactions between invasive insect species and native plant populations, and the life cycle processes of the insects themselves, allowing for proactive measures to be taken. Consequently, informed strategies can be programmed to protect vulnerable ecosystems and native plant species from the threats posed by invasive insects. Hence, it becomes increasingly important for mathematics to serve entomology, improving and testing the models that analyze and forecast the behavioural structures and physiological mechanisms through which insects interact with each other and with the surrounding ecosystem. This thesis, which is part of this particular scientific research branch, after a background introduction (Chapter 2), opens its list of results and analyses by introducing Entomlib: a MATLAB library that unifies demographic and phenological modeling and the estimation of physiological function parameters from datasets taken from one or more biological sites (Chapter 3). The thesis then continues describing the works carried out for the BeXyl international project: (i) a comprehensive compartmental eco-epidemiological plant–vector model (case study: Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees), calibrated on Apulian data and used to design and assess management strategies (Chapter 4); (ii) two exploratory reduced models (Chapter 5) that lead to (iii) a reduced, compartmental model that focuses on host-choice mechanisms driven by vector preferences and that can be rigorously analyzed (Chapter 6). Finally (Chapter 7), we present our most recent work: a coupled Kolmogorov system for trees that describes within-plant diffusion of bacteria, together with a stable numerical scheme and first qualitative insights (case study: Xylella fastidiosa in vineyards).
Nell’ambito della biologia, l’integrazione della matematica è diventata sempre più indispensabile, anche nel campo dell’entomologia (lo studio scientifico degli insetti, dunque un ramo della zoologia). Inoltre, i cambiamenti climatici in corso sono destinati a indurre spostamenti negli habitat delle specie di insetti invasive. Questo fenomeno rappresenta un’importante sfida poiché la flora indigena spesso fatica a difendersi da questi nuovi “predatori”. Di conseguenza, l’applicazione di modelli matematici per prevedere le dinamiche di questi processi biologici non è mai stata così importante per gli entomologi nello sviluppo di modelli affidabili e accurati. Inoltre, l’intricato intreccio tra cambiamento climatico e comportamento degli insetti richiede un approccio multidisciplinare per comprendere e mitigare le potenziali conseguenze ecologiche negative. La matematica fornisce a ricercatori e scienziati un potente insieme di strumenti per sviluppare modelli che simulano e prevedono le complesse interazioni tra specie di insetti invasive e popolazioni di piante native, nonché i processi del ciclo vitale degli stessi insetti, permettendo di adottare misure proattive. Di conseguenza, si possono programmare strategie informate per proteggere gli ecosistemi vulnerabili e le specie vegetali native dalle minacce poste dagli insetti invasivi. Diventa quindi sempre più importante che la matematica dia il suo contributo nel ramo scientifico dell’entomologia, migliorando e testando i modelli che analizzano e prevedono le strutture comportamentali e i meccanismi fisiologici attraverso i quali gli insetti interagiscono tra loro e con l’ecosistema circostante. Questa tesi, che si inserisce in questo quadro di ricerca scientifica, dopo una breve introduzione composta da definizioni e teoremi utili da richiamare (Capitolo 2), apre il suo elenco di risultati e analisi introducendo Entomolib: una libreria MATLAB che unifica la modellistica demografica e fenologica e la stima di parametri di funzioni fisiologiche da dataset presi da uno o più siti biologici (Capitolo 3). La tesi prosegue descrivendo i lavori svolti per il progetto internazionale BeXyl: (i) un modello compartimentale eco-epidemiologico piante-vettori completo (caso di studio: Xylella fastidiosa in oliveti), questo modello è stato calibrato su dati provenienti dalla Puglia e utilizzato per progettare e valutare strategie di gestione (Capitolo 4); (ii) due modelli esplorativi (Capitolo 5) che portano ad (iii) un modello compartimentale ridotto che si concentra su meccanismi di scelta della pianta-ospite guidati da parametri che quantificano le preferenze dei vettori verso le singole tipologie di piante; il modello ridotto è stato rigorosamente analizzato matematicamente (Capitolo 6). Infine (Capitolo 7), presentiamo il nostro lavoro più recente: un sistema di Kolmogorov accoppiato che descrive la diffusione dei batteri all’interno dei vasi xilematici delle piante, insieme a uno schema numerico stabile e a primi spunti qualitativi sull’affidabilità matematica del modello (caso di studio: Xylella fastidiosa nei vigneti).
Mathematical and numerical models for entomology
BERTOLDI, ENRICO
2026
Abstract
In the realm of biology, the integration of mathematics has become increasingly indispensable, even within the field of entomology (the scientific study of insects, hence a branch of zoology). Moreover, the ongoing climate changes are poised to induce shifts in the habitats of invasive insect species. This phenomenon presents a critical challenge as indigenous flora often struggle to defend themselves against these new “predators”. Consequently, the application of mathematical models to predict the dynamics of these biological processes has never been more helpful to entomologists in developing reliable and accurate models. Indeed, the intricate interplay between climate change and insect behaviour necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to understanding and mitigating potential negative ecological consequences. Mathematics provides a powerful toolset for researchers and scientists to develop models that simulate and forecast the complex interactions between invasive insect species and native plant populations, and the life cycle processes of the insects themselves, allowing for proactive measures to be taken. Consequently, informed strategies can be programmed to protect vulnerable ecosystems and native plant species from the threats posed by invasive insects. Hence, it becomes increasingly important for mathematics to serve entomology, improving and testing the models that analyze and forecast the behavioural structures and physiological mechanisms through which insects interact with each other and with the surrounding ecosystem. This thesis, which is part of this particular scientific research branch, after a background introduction (Chapter 2), opens its list of results and analyses by introducing Entomlib: a MATLAB library that unifies demographic and phenological modeling and the estimation of physiological function parameters from datasets taken from one or more biological sites (Chapter 3). The thesis then continues describing the works carried out for the BeXyl international project: (i) a comprehensive compartmental eco-epidemiological plant–vector model (case study: Xylella fastidiosa in olive trees), calibrated on Apulian data and used to design and assess management strategies (Chapter 4); (ii) two exploratory reduced models (Chapter 5) that lead to (iii) a reduced, compartmental model that focuses on host-choice mechanisms driven by vector preferences and that can be rigorously analyzed (Chapter 6). Finally (Chapter 7), we present our most recent work: a coupled Kolmogorov system for trees that describes within-plant diffusion of bacteria, together with a stable numerical scheme and first qualitative insights (case study: Xylella fastidiosa in vineyards).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384751
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-384751