This doctoral thesis carries out an environmental analysis of the fate of Shredder Residues (SR) generated at an industrial aluminium scrap sorting facility and assesses how alternative SR valorisation strategies affect the overall environmental performance of the recovery process. Whilst the mechanical sorting of aluminium-rich scrap is a well-established industrial process, SR, a heterogeneous mixture of metals, plastics, rubber, glass, and fines, is still predominantly landfilled across Europe, with approximately 4 to 5 million tonnes generated annually, representing a significant resource loss and long-term environmental liability. The study was conducted in collaboration with Rottami Padana S.p.A., an aluminium shredder facility in Brescia, Italy, which served as the central industrial case study. The originality of this work lies in two areas. First, unlike the majority of existing literature, which focuses exclusively on Automotive Shredder Residue, this thesis adopts a broader and novel perspective that explicitly includes SR from non-automotive aluminium scrap sources, namely construction and demolition scrap, industrial manufacturing waste, and mixed post-consumer streams. Second, the thesis is the first study to combine empirical SR characterisation at a real operating facility with a gate-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of the specific unit operations involved, providing an integrated assessment that connects material composition directly to environmental outcomes. A systematic literature review of 73 peer-reviewed studies confirmed SR's wide compositional variability and evaluated two primary valorisation pathways. Eddy-current separation can achieve aluminium recovery rates of 85 to 95% under optimised conditions. Pyrolysis at 400 to 600 °C produces bio-oil yields of 28 to 50%, and gasification above 700 °C yields 42 to 65% syngas. The review concluded that an integrated valorisation approach is necessary and identified the absence of studies addressing the environmental performance of the mechanical sorting stage as a critical gap in the literature. Empirical analysis combining XRF and FTIR characterisation, sieve analysis, and 21 months of operational data demonstrated that a 14% additional metal recovery rate is achievable from SR, and that SR from Type 1 construction scrap produces a significantly higher residue fraction than Type 2 industrial scrap (p < 0.001). Physical-chemical characterisation confirmed SR broadly meets ISO 21640:2021 classification criteria for Solid Recovered Fuel, though elevated antimony concentrations require pre-treatment for co-incineration applications. A gate-to-gate LCA using the CML-IA baseline method in SimaPro v10.2 and following the ISO 14040/14044 framework compared four SR treatment scenarios: baseline landfilling, plastics recycling combined with landfilling, full incineration, and plastics recycling combined with incineration. Results demonstrated that environmental performance is determined not by the sorting stage itself but by the downstream management of SR streams. Combined plastics recycling and incineration delivered the best performance across most impact categories, generating net-negative Global Warming Potential values through avoided virgin material burdens and fossil energy substitution. Baseline landfilling consistently yielded the worst outcomes across all indicators. The thesis concludes that SR is a compositionally complex material whose valorisation potential is realisable through targeted, integrated treatment strategies, and provides the first empirically grounded, facility-scale evidence base to support the transition from landfill-dominated SR management towards material and energy recovery in both automotive and non-automotive aluminium scrap recycling.
La presente tesi di dottorato conduce un'analisi ambientale del destino dei Residui di Frantumazione (SR) generati presso un impianto industriale di selezione di rottami di alluminio e valuta come le alternative strategie di valorizzazione degli SR influenzino le prestazioni ambientali complessive del processo di recupero. Sebbene la selezione meccanica di rottami ricchi di alluminio sia un processo industriale consolidato, gli SR, miscela eterogenea di metalli, plastiche, gomma, vetro e fini, vengono ancora prevalentemente conferiti in discarica in tutta Europa, con circa 4 o 5 milioni di tonnellate generate annualmente, rappresentando una significativa perdita di risorse e una passività ambientale a lungo termine. Lo studio è stato condotto in collaborazione con Rottami Padana S.p.A., un impianto di frantumazione dell'alluminio a Brescia, Italia, che ha costituito il caso studio industriale centrale. L'originalità di questo lavoro risiede in due ambiti. In primo luogo, a differenza della maggior parte della letteratura esistente, incentrata esclusivamente sui Residui di Frantumazione Automotive (ASR), questa tesi adotta una prospettiva più ampia e originale che include esplicitamente gli SR da fonti non automotive, ovvero rottami da costruzione e demolizione, scarti della produzione industriale e flussi post-consumo misti. In secondo luogo, la tesi è il primo studio a combinare la caratterizzazione empirica degli SR presso un impianto operativo reale con una Valutazione del Ciclo di Vita (LCA) gate-to-gate delle specifiche operazioni unitarie coinvolte. Una revisione sistematica della letteratura su 73 studi peer-reviewed ha confermato l'ampia variabilità compositiva degli SR e valutato due principali percorsi di valorizzazione. La separazione a correnti indotte può raggiungere tassi di recupero dell'alluminio dell'85 o 95% in condizioni ottimizzate. La pirolisi a 400 o 600 °C produce rese di bio-olio del 28 o 50%, e la gassificazione oltre i 700 °C genera il 42 o 65% di syngas. La revisione ha concluso che un approccio integrato è necessario e ha identificato l'assenza di studi sulle prestazioni ambientali dello stadio di selezione meccanica come una lacuna critica nella letteratura. L'analisi empirica, che combina caratterizzazione XRF e FTIR, analisi granulometrica e 21 mesi di dati operativi, ha dimostrato che un tasso aggiuntivo di recupero dei metalli del 14% è conseguibile dagli SR e che gli SR dal rottame di costruzione di Tipo 1 producono una frazione residua significativamente maggiore rispetto al rottame industriale misto di Tipo 2 (p < 0,001). La caratterizzazione fisico-chimica ha confermato che gli SR soddisfano i criteri di classificazione ISO 21640:2021 per il Combustibile Solido Secondario, sebbene le elevate concentrazioni di antimonio richiedano un pre-trattamento per le applicazioni di co-incenerimento. Una LCA gate-to-gate con il metodo CML-IA baseline in SimaPro v10.2 ha confrontato quattro scenari di gestione degli SR. I risultati hanno dimostrato che le prestazioni ambientali sono determinate non dallo stadio di selezione stesso, ma dalla gestione a valle dei flussi di SR. Il riciclo delle plastiche combinato con l'incenerimento ha ottenuto le migliori prestazioni nella maggior parte delle categorie d'impatto. Il conferimento in discarica ha prodotto costantemente i peggiori risultati. La tesi conclude che gli SR sono un materiale a composizione complessa il cui potenziale di valorizzazione è realizzabile attraverso strategie di trattamento integrate e mirate, e fornisce la prima base di evidenze empiriche su scala industriale a supporto della transizione verso il recupero di materiali ed energia nel riciclo dell'alluminio.
Mechanical Sorting and Valorisation of Aluminium-Rich Metal Scrap: Environmental Assessment of an Industrial Shredder Facility and Its Residue Management Strategies
ADEJUNMOBI, DORCAS ADEOLA
2026
Abstract
This doctoral thesis carries out an environmental analysis of the fate of Shredder Residues (SR) generated at an industrial aluminium scrap sorting facility and assesses how alternative SR valorisation strategies affect the overall environmental performance of the recovery process. Whilst the mechanical sorting of aluminium-rich scrap is a well-established industrial process, SR, a heterogeneous mixture of metals, plastics, rubber, glass, and fines, is still predominantly landfilled across Europe, with approximately 4 to 5 million tonnes generated annually, representing a significant resource loss and long-term environmental liability. The study was conducted in collaboration with Rottami Padana S.p.A., an aluminium shredder facility in Brescia, Italy, which served as the central industrial case study. The originality of this work lies in two areas. First, unlike the majority of existing literature, which focuses exclusively on Automotive Shredder Residue, this thesis adopts a broader and novel perspective that explicitly includes SR from non-automotive aluminium scrap sources, namely construction and demolition scrap, industrial manufacturing waste, and mixed post-consumer streams. Second, the thesis is the first study to combine empirical SR characterisation at a real operating facility with a gate-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment of the specific unit operations involved, providing an integrated assessment that connects material composition directly to environmental outcomes. A systematic literature review of 73 peer-reviewed studies confirmed SR's wide compositional variability and evaluated two primary valorisation pathways. Eddy-current separation can achieve aluminium recovery rates of 85 to 95% under optimised conditions. Pyrolysis at 400 to 600 °C produces bio-oil yields of 28 to 50%, and gasification above 700 °C yields 42 to 65% syngas. The review concluded that an integrated valorisation approach is necessary and identified the absence of studies addressing the environmental performance of the mechanical sorting stage as a critical gap in the literature. Empirical analysis combining XRF and FTIR characterisation, sieve analysis, and 21 months of operational data demonstrated that a 14% additional metal recovery rate is achievable from SR, and that SR from Type 1 construction scrap produces a significantly higher residue fraction than Type 2 industrial scrap (p < 0.001). Physical-chemical characterisation confirmed SR broadly meets ISO 21640:2021 classification criteria for Solid Recovered Fuel, though elevated antimony concentrations require pre-treatment for co-incineration applications. A gate-to-gate LCA using the CML-IA baseline method in SimaPro v10.2 and following the ISO 14040/14044 framework compared four SR treatment scenarios: baseline landfilling, plastics recycling combined with landfilling, full incineration, and plastics recycling combined with incineration. Results demonstrated that environmental performance is determined not by the sorting stage itself but by the downstream management of SR streams. Combined plastics recycling and incineration delivered the best performance across most impact categories, generating net-negative Global Warming Potential values through avoided virgin material burdens and fossil energy substitution. Baseline landfilling consistently yielded the worst outcomes across all indicators. The thesis concludes that SR is a compositionally complex material whose valorisation potential is realisable through targeted, integrated treatment strategies, and provides the first empirically grounded, facility-scale evidence base to support the transition from landfill-dominated SR management towards material and energy recovery in both automotive and non-automotive aluminium scrap recycling.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/384754
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-384754