The research project is based on a multidisciplinary study in the Val Noghera, one of the few fish farms still active in the Grado Lagoon where mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation was found in some species of commercial interest. The level of risk with regards to Hg is due to its more toxic organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), because it is easily bioaccumulable along the aquatic trophic chain. The experimental research activity was focused on investigating the processes and dynamics involving Hg in the fish farm ecosystem (sediment, water column and biota), evaluating lagoon input and fish farm output of Hg in dissolved and particulate form. Initially, a geochemical characterisation of the sediment was performed to determine the total Hg concentration in the surface and bottom sediments in order to define its spatial distribution. Secondly, the three main Hg chemical forms were identified by pyrolysis in order to establish which is the easily remobilisable Hg percentage potentially dangerous to the food chain. Subsequently, two study sites were selected in two main channels in order to perform in situ seasonal experiments to evaluate the mobility of Hg and nutrients which are indicators of the fish farm trophic state. The two sites were previously chosen on the basis of the different chemical-physical parameters of waters measured in continuum by a multiparameter probe for a period of approximately one month. The mobility of the total Hg, MeHg and nutrients at the sediment-water interface (SWI) was investigated at each site using an in situ benthic chamber and collecting short sediment cores, which were extruded in inert atmosphere to extract porewaters. The aim was to estimate benthic (real) and diffusive (instantaneous) fluxes, respectively, at the SWI to evaluate the Hg bioavailability to the biota and the trophic state of the system in relation to the seasonal variability of the chemico-physical water column parameters. Next, water samples were collected at three different channel depths at the same sites: surface, middle and bottom. The aim was to determine the dissolved Hg and Methyl-Hg as well as nutrients along the water column in order to identify possible concentration gradients. Once Hg concentrations at the SWI and along water column were determined continuous measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) at the water-air interface were carried out in order to estimate the GEM hourly fluxes. Finally, the interaction between Hg and biota (fish) was investigated. Total Hg concentration was determined both in fish of commercial interest and in the same species that live freely in fish farm environment. The understanding of Hg biogeochemical cycling in this environment strongly modified by human activities has opened the path to suggest new plans, mostly engineering, and good management practices to mitigate the influence of this metal on the biota, thus improving the quality of this system.
Il progetto è basato su uno studio multidisciplinare nella Valle Noghera, una delle poche valli da pesca rimaste ancora attive nella Laguna di Grado, nella quale è stato riscontrato il bioaccumulo del mercurio (Hg) in alcune specie ittiche d’interesse commerciale. La pericolosità del Hg è legata alla sua forma organica più tossica, il metilmercurio (MeHg), perché facilmente bioaccumulabile lungo la rete trofica acquatica. L’attività di ricerca sperimentale ha permesso di approfondire i processi e le dinamiche coinvolgenti questo metallo nell’ecosistema vallivo, dal sedimento all’acqua fino al biota, valutando gli input lagunari e gli output vallivi del Hg in forma disciolta e particellata. Dapprima è stata eseguita una caratterizzazione geochimica e geocronologica del sedimento. È stata determinata sia la concentrazione del Hg totale nei sedimenti superficiali e di fondo per definirne la distribuzione spaziale sia un’analisi speciativa mediante pirolisi per individuare le tre principali forme chimiche con le quali si presenta; al fine di identificare la percentuale di Hg facilmente rimobilizzabile e potenzialmente “pericolosa” per la rete trofica. Successivamente, sono stati scelti due siti studio in due canali principali dove poter eseguire esperimenti stagionali in situ volti a valutare sia la mobilità del metallo che dei nutrienti, poiché indicatori dello stato trofico del sistema vallivo. La scelta dei siti è avvenuta a seguito della registrazione, in ciascuno, dei parametri chimico-fisici dell’acqua misurati in continuo da una sonda multiparamertrica per un periodo di circa un mese. Individuati i siti, la mobilità del Hg totale, MeHg e dei nutrienti all’interfaccia acqua-sedimento è stata indagata impiegando una camera bentica in situ e raccogliendo carote di sedimento superficiale, sottoposte poi ad estrusione in atmosfera inerte per estrarne le acque interstiziali. Lo scopo era calcolare rispettivamente i flussi bentici (reali) e diffusivi (istantanei) all’interfaccia acqua-sedimento per valutare l’eventuale biodisponibilità del Hg per il biota e lo stato di trofia in relazione alla variabilità stagionale. Ultimo step, sempre negli stessi due siti, sono state eseguite delle misure in continuo di Hg elementare gassoso all’interfaccia acqua-aria per stimare l’entità di evasione attraverso il calcolo di flussi orari. Infine, sono state investigate le interazioni del metallo con la componente ittica, sia in specie allevate a fine commerciale sia in specie che pascolano libere in valle. La comprensione del ciclo biogeochimico del Hg in questo ambiente fortemente modificato dall’uomo ha permesso di suggerire interventi ingegneristici e buone pratiche gestionali atte a mitigare l’influenza di questo metallo sul biota.
Ciclo biogeochimico del mercurio in un ambiente lagunare modificato dall'attività di vallicoltura (Laguna di Grado)
PETRANICH, ELISA
2018
Abstract
The research project is based on a multidisciplinary study in the Val Noghera, one of the few fish farms still active in the Grado Lagoon where mercury (Hg) bioaccumulation was found in some species of commercial interest. The level of risk with regards to Hg is due to its more toxic organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), because it is easily bioaccumulable along the aquatic trophic chain. The experimental research activity was focused on investigating the processes and dynamics involving Hg in the fish farm ecosystem (sediment, water column and biota), evaluating lagoon input and fish farm output of Hg in dissolved and particulate form. Initially, a geochemical characterisation of the sediment was performed to determine the total Hg concentration in the surface and bottom sediments in order to define its spatial distribution. Secondly, the three main Hg chemical forms were identified by pyrolysis in order to establish which is the easily remobilisable Hg percentage potentially dangerous to the food chain. Subsequently, two study sites were selected in two main channels in order to perform in situ seasonal experiments to evaluate the mobility of Hg and nutrients which are indicators of the fish farm trophic state. The two sites were previously chosen on the basis of the different chemical-physical parameters of waters measured in continuum by a multiparameter probe for a period of approximately one month. The mobility of the total Hg, MeHg and nutrients at the sediment-water interface (SWI) was investigated at each site using an in situ benthic chamber and collecting short sediment cores, which were extruded in inert atmosphere to extract porewaters. The aim was to estimate benthic (real) and diffusive (instantaneous) fluxes, respectively, at the SWI to evaluate the Hg bioavailability to the biota and the trophic state of the system in relation to the seasonal variability of the chemico-physical water column parameters. Next, water samples were collected at three different channel depths at the same sites: surface, middle and bottom. The aim was to determine the dissolved Hg and Methyl-Hg as well as nutrients along the water column in order to identify possible concentration gradients. Once Hg concentrations at the SWI and along water column were determined continuous measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) at the water-air interface were carried out in order to estimate the GEM hourly fluxes. Finally, the interaction between Hg and biota (fish) was investigated. Total Hg concentration was determined both in fish of commercial interest and in the same species that live freely in fish farm environment. The understanding of Hg biogeochemical cycling in this environment strongly modified by human activities has opened the path to suggest new plans, mostly engineering, and good management practices to mitigate the influence of this metal on the biota, thus improving the quality of this system.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/62484
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-62484