Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten sensitive enteropathy. It is characterized by small-intestinal mucosal injury and nutrient malabsorption produced by dietary exposure to wheat gluten and similar proteins. Approximately 1% of the population is affected by CD. CD is characterized by the production, upon gluten ingestion, of high affinity IgA and IgG antibodies (Abs) directed against gliadin, a gluten component, and the autoantigen Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Reactivity against TG2 is an important hallmark of CD. Accumulation of TG2-specific IgA plasma cells occurs in the small-intestinal mucosal lesion of untreated CD patients and these B cell clones also contribute to serum IgA anti TG2 generation. Given the clinical-pathological meaning in CD of anti-TG2 Abs their characteristics have been investigated. 1) They show a limited number of somatic hypermutations. 2) show high affinity. 3) The gene usage is restricted to certain gene families and to a preferred VH-VL pairing (IGHV5-51:IGKV1-5). 4) They mostly recognize 3 TG2 epitopes and most of them, characterized by the presence of IGHV5-51 gene segment, bind TG2 on the Epitope1. Here, we propose to investigate the structural determinants of anti-TG2 Epitope1 Abs, which has not been elucidated. Phage display is a powerful tool to study Abs, therefore phage display libraries of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) obtained from the Ab repertoire derived from intestinal biopsy lymphocytes are used to study the immunological response in CD. Since, IGVH5 gene is the most represented in anti-TG2 Abs, libraries characterized by this specific IGVH5 have been generated. The libraries are composed by IGVH derived from 55 CD patient’s lymphocyte paired with 4 VLs from anti TG2-Abs. ScFv libraries have been selected for TG2 binding and 102 reactive clones were bioinformatically analysed. The computational methods are considered a way to generate in silico hypotheses. Ab modelling started with the discovery that most of the complementarity determining region (CDR) loops adopt a limited number of conformations. Since it has been observed a limited variability in the length and composition of loops L1-3 and H1-2, we focused on the length and composition of loop H3, usually playing a key role in the antigen recognition. The CDR3s of the 102 TG2 reactive clones are characterized by a preferential length of 14 amino acids (aas) and 4 aas are conserved, so they are called key residues. A consensus VH CDR3 has been designed in silico. The consensus CDR3 is 14aa long and has the 4 key residues. The ScFv with the in silico designed consensus CDR3 was generated using the backbone of a well characterized anti-TG2 Ab. This scFv was in vitro tested, as scFv displayed on phage surface and also as scFv-Fc (fragment constant), IgG and IgA format. Mutants carrying random aas in the CDR3 sequence (characterized by the key residues) were generated and analysed to investigate the role of the CDR3 aas in the interaction with TG2. To elucidate the role of single CDR3 aas, CDR3s with point mutations have been designed. Point mutants were generated, previously as scFvs displayed on phages and after as scFv-Fcs, to investigate the affinity of the different mutants. Our results suggest that phage display technology is an excellent tool to study Abs specific for an immune disease. The scFvs displayed on phages surface have shown to preserve the characteristics of the Abs expressed in the patients. A consensus sequence has been in silico generated. Amazingly, the ideal sequence was not present neither in the panel of anti-TG2 Abs. The consensus anti-TG2 Abs preserve specificity for TG2 Epitope 1 and the reactivity was maintained even IgG and IgA formats. In silico and in vitro technology allowed the rapid analyses and generation of recombinant Abs, which facilitates the deep investigation of the role of aas in CDR3 and the generation of Abs with a very high affinity.
La Patologia Celiaca (CD) è un’enteropatia causata dalla sensibilità al glutine. In seguito all’ingestione del glutine, i pazienti CD sono soggetti all’insorgenza di lesioni a livello della mucosa intestinale e a difficoltà nell’assorbimento dei nutrienti. Il glutine è un complesso proteico presente nel frumento segale e orzo. La CD è estremamente diffusa, infatti, circa l’1% della popolazione è affetta da CD. La CD è caratterizzata dalla produzione, in seguito all’ingestione di glutine, di alti livelli di anticorpi (Ab ) IgA e IgG specifici per la gliadina, una componente del glutine, e l’auto-antigene Transglutaminasi 2 (TG2). La presenza di anticorpi anti-TG2 è un marcatore per la CD. In pazienti CD che assumono glutine si osserva un accumulo a livello delle lesioni intestinali di IgA specifiche per la TG2, inoltre, queste cellule B contribuiscono alla produzione di IgA anti-TG2 a livello sierico. Dato il significato clinico-patologico degli Abs anti-TG2 nella CD, le loro caratteristiche sono state investigate e gli Abs sono ben caratterizzati: 1) mostrano un numero limitato di ipermutazioni somatiche 2) mostrano un’alta affinità 3) l’utilizzo dei geni è limitato a determinate famiglie geniche (IGHV5-51:IGKV1-5) 4) riconoscono principalmente 3 epitopi sulla TG2. Qui, proponiamo di investigare i determinanti strutturali degli Abs IGHV5-51:IGKV1-5 anti-epitopo 1 della TG2, i quali non sono ancora stati chiariti. Il display fagico è uno strumento utilizzato nello studio degli Ab, pertanto, abbiamo generato librerie di display fagico utilizzando i linfociti estratti da biopsie intestinali dei pazienti CD. Le librerie per il dispaly fagico sono composte da IGHV5 derivanti dai linfociti di 55 pazienti CD, queste VH sono state appaiate a 4 VL derivanti da anti-TG2 Abs. Le librerie a scFv (Frammento variabile a singola catena) sono state selezionate per il legame a TG2 e 102 scFv reattivi sono stati analizzati con strumenti bioinformatici. I metodi computazionali sono un modo per generare ipotesi in silico. Grazie alla scoperta che la maggior parte delle regioni che determinano la complementarità (CDR) adottano un numero limitato di conformazioni, ci siamo concentrati sulla loro lunghezza e composizione. Da queste analisi è emerso che i CDR3 dei 102 cloni in grado di riconoscere la TG2 sono caratterizzati da una lunghezza preferenziale di 14 amminoacidi (aa) e 4 aa risultano conservati, chiamati residui chiave. In silico abbiamo generato una sequenza CDR3 "consenso” Questo CDR3 consenso è di 14aa e presenta i 4 "residui chiave". Abbiamo quindi generato un ScFv inserendo la sequenza CDR3 "consenso" in un Ab anti-TG2 ben caratterizzato. Il scFv così generato è stato testato in vitro, prima come scFv esposto sulla superficie dei fagi, e successivamente, come scFv-Fc (regione costante), IgG e IgA. Per studiare il ruolo degli aa del CDR3 nell'interazione con la TG2, sono stati generati e analizzati mutanti che portavano aa casuali nella sequenza CDR3 (mentre i "residui chiave" sono stati mantenuti fissi). Per chiarire il ruolo dei singoli aa del CDR3, sono stati inoltre progettati CDR3 con mutazioni puntiformi. I mutanti puntiformi sono stati generati, prima come scFv esposti sulla superficie dei fagi e successivamente come scFv-Fcs, per poterne studiare l'affinità. I nostri risultati suggeriscono che la tecnologia del display fagico è un ottimo strumento per studiare gli anticorpi specifici per una malattia immunitaria. L'anticorpo “consensus” anti-TG2 preserva la specificità per l’epitopo 1 sulla TG2 e la reattività è stata mantenuta anche in formati anticorpali più fisiologici, quali IgG e IgA. La tecnologia in silico e in vitro ha permesso la rapida generazione di Abs ricombinanti, facilitando lo studio del ruolo di aa nel CDR3 nel legame con l’antigene e la generazione di Abs con un'affinità molto elevata.
Characterization of anti-transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibodies from Celiac patients by an integrated experimental and computational approach
RIZZO, EMANUELA
2020
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten sensitive enteropathy. It is characterized by small-intestinal mucosal injury and nutrient malabsorption produced by dietary exposure to wheat gluten and similar proteins. Approximately 1% of the population is affected by CD. CD is characterized by the production, upon gluten ingestion, of high affinity IgA and IgG antibodies (Abs) directed against gliadin, a gluten component, and the autoantigen Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Reactivity against TG2 is an important hallmark of CD. Accumulation of TG2-specific IgA plasma cells occurs in the small-intestinal mucosal lesion of untreated CD patients and these B cell clones also contribute to serum IgA anti TG2 generation. Given the clinical-pathological meaning in CD of anti-TG2 Abs their characteristics have been investigated. 1) They show a limited number of somatic hypermutations. 2) show high affinity. 3) The gene usage is restricted to certain gene families and to a preferred VH-VL pairing (IGHV5-51:IGKV1-5). 4) They mostly recognize 3 TG2 epitopes and most of them, characterized by the presence of IGHV5-51 gene segment, bind TG2 on the Epitope1. Here, we propose to investigate the structural determinants of anti-TG2 Epitope1 Abs, which has not been elucidated. Phage display is a powerful tool to study Abs, therefore phage display libraries of single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) obtained from the Ab repertoire derived from intestinal biopsy lymphocytes are used to study the immunological response in CD. Since, IGVH5 gene is the most represented in anti-TG2 Abs, libraries characterized by this specific IGVH5 have been generated. The libraries are composed by IGVH derived from 55 CD patient’s lymphocyte paired with 4 VLs from anti TG2-Abs. ScFv libraries have been selected for TG2 binding and 102 reactive clones were bioinformatically analysed. The computational methods are considered a way to generate in silico hypotheses. Ab modelling started with the discovery that most of the complementarity determining region (CDR) loops adopt a limited number of conformations. Since it has been observed a limited variability in the length and composition of loops L1-3 and H1-2, we focused on the length and composition of loop H3, usually playing a key role in the antigen recognition. The CDR3s of the 102 TG2 reactive clones are characterized by a preferential length of 14 amino acids (aas) and 4 aas are conserved, so they are called key residues. A consensus VH CDR3 has been designed in silico. The consensus CDR3 is 14aa long and has the 4 key residues. The ScFv with the in silico designed consensus CDR3 was generated using the backbone of a well characterized anti-TG2 Ab. This scFv was in vitro tested, as scFv displayed on phage surface and also as scFv-Fc (fragment constant), IgG and IgA format. Mutants carrying random aas in the CDR3 sequence (characterized by the key residues) were generated and analysed to investigate the role of the CDR3 aas in the interaction with TG2. To elucidate the role of single CDR3 aas, CDR3s with point mutations have been designed. Point mutants were generated, previously as scFvs displayed on phages and after as scFv-Fcs, to investigate the affinity of the different mutants. Our results suggest that phage display technology is an excellent tool to study Abs specific for an immune disease. The scFvs displayed on phages surface have shown to preserve the characteristics of the Abs expressed in the patients. A consensus sequence has been in silico generated. Amazingly, the ideal sequence was not present neither in the panel of anti-TG2 Abs. The consensus anti-TG2 Abs preserve specificity for TG2 Epitope 1 and the reactivity was maintained even IgG and IgA formats. In silico and in vitro technology allowed the rapid analyses and generation of recombinant Abs, which facilitates the deep investigation of the role of aas in CDR3 and the generation of Abs with a very high affinity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/62510
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-62510