Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD) is a rare autoinflammatory autosomal recessive inborn disease, caused by mutations in MVK gene that encodes for Mevalonate Kinase (MK) an important enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Mevalonate pathway is important for the production of cholesterol, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate essential for protein prenylation. MKD has heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, with a mild form, Hyper-IgD Syndrome (HIDS), and a severe one, Mevalonic Aciduria (MA). Heterogeneous symptoms including recurrent fevers, cutaneous rash, aphtae, arthralgia, abdominal pain with diarrhoea and vomiting characterize HIDS, while MA shows a more critical neurologic phenotype with psychomotor retardation, hepatopathy and cerebellar ataxia. More than 50% of MA patients die in infancy or early childhood. The correlation between MVK mutations and MKD clinical phenotype is still to be elucidated. Genotype-phenotype correlation is sometimes problematic due to the great genetic and clinical heterogeneity. MKD is also an orphan drug disease and the pathogenic mechanisms as well as the main actors involved in disease’s aetiology are still unknown; especially the pathogenesis of MA clinical manifestations has not been established. Indeed, the neuro-inflammatory mechanisms and the interactions that occur between the different cellular types in the brain have not yet been explained. The most accredited MKD pathogenetic hypothesis is based on the evidence that the mevalonate pathway block induces a decrease in isoprenoid compounds and prenylated proteins, leading to inflammatory phenotypes, caused by the activation of NALP-3 inflammasome that consequently determines IL-1β activation. Currently there is a lack of models for MKD studies. Indeed, the only model able to mimic pathologic features is a biochemical model obtained in vivo and in vitro by administration of mevalonate pathway inhibitors such as aminobisphosphonate or statin. The aim of this PhD project is to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of MKD. Special attention is given to MA, in order to evaluate the neuro-apoptotic and neuro-inflammatoy mechanisms leading to this syndrome. For all these reasons, we performed exome analyse of MKD patients in order to evaluate the presence of eventual other modifiers gene, able to modulate MKD phenotype; we investigated pathogenic mechanisms of MKD, including apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and inflammation using an in vitro biochemical models (i.e., neuronal, microglia and monocytic cells); we also evaluated systemic inflammation and neuro-inflammation employing an in vivo biochemical model obtained in two different mice strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6); finally, we developed an in vitro genetic model using transient transfection of two different MKD mutations (I268T associated with HIDS, and N301T typical of MA), evaluating the molecular basis of MKD and the pathology mechanism linked to autophagy. The main specific results emerging from this PhD thesis work are: - GRID2 could be a modifier gene of MKD; - biochemical block of mevalonate pathway in neuronal cells caused a balance between apoptosis follows mitochondrial pathway (caspase-9 and caspase-3 dependent) and pyroptosis (caspase-1 dependent); - microglial activation is a direct consequence of mevalonate pathway block, which induces an additional increase of neuronal cell death; - systemic and neuronal inflammations are observed in biochemical in vivo model obtained in two different mice strains; - mevalonate pathway block induced mitochondrial damage, leading to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines’ release, which leaded cells to final apoptosis; - MVK mutations cause an alteration in autophagic flux that leads cells to final apoptosis, in in vitro genetic model of MKD in neuronal cells. The findings obtained during the PhD enabled to formulate a new MKD pathogenic hypothesis, based on mitophagy impairment.
Il Difetto di Mevalonato Chinasi (MKD) è una malattia rara autoinfiammatoria autosomica recessiva, causata da mutazioni nel gene MVK che codifica per mevalonato chinasi (MK), enzima chiave della via del mevalonato. Questa via è importante per la produzione di colesterolo, ed anche geranilgeranil pirofosfato e farnesil pirofosfato essenziali per la prenilazione delle proteine. MKD ha fenotipi clinici eterogenei, infatti, si va da una forma lieve, la sindrome iper-IgD (HIDS), ad una forma più grave, la Mevalonica Aciduria (MA). HIDS è caratterizzata da sintomi eterogenei che comprendono febbri ricorrenti, eruzioni cutanee, afte, artralgia, dolori addominali, diarrea e vomito; mentre MA oltre a tutto questo, mostra un fenotipo più grave con coinvolgimento neurologico, ritardo psicomotorio, epatopatia e atassia cerebellare. Più del 50% dei pazienti MA muore durante l'infanzia o nella prima infanzia. Non è tuttora chiara la correlazione tra mutazioni di MVK ed il fenotipo clinico di MKD; infatti a causa della grande eterogeneità genetica e clinica, la correlazione genotipo-fenotipo risulta essere problematica. L’MKD ad oggi è ancora una malattia orfana di trattamento eziologico specifico, sono ancora poco conosciuti i meccanismi patogenetici ed i principali attori coinvolti nella malattia; in particolar modo, non è ancora stata chiarita la patogenesi collegata alle gravi manifestazioni cliniche di MA così come i meccanismi neuro-infiammatori e le interazioni che avvengono tra i diversi tipi cellulari nel sistema nervoso centrale. L'ipotesi patogenetica di MKD ad oggi più accreditata collega il fenotipo infiammatorio con la diminuzione di composti isoprenoidi e del livello di proteine prenilate, causato dal blocco della via del mevalonato. Questa diminuzione di proteine determina attivazione dell’inflammosoma NALP-3, che a sua volta induce l'attivazione ed rilascio di IL-1β. Attualmente, vi è una mancanza di modelli per lo studio dell’MKD. Infatti, il modello biochimico ottenuto in vivo e in vitro mediante somministrazione di inibitori della via del mevalonato (aminobifosfonati o statine) è l'unico modello in grado di mimare le caratteristiche patologiche. L'obiettivo di questo progetto di dottorato è indagare il meccanismo patogenetico del Difetto di Mevalonato Chinasi, ponendo particolare attenzione alla forma più grave, la Mevalonico Aciduria, valutando i meccanismi neuro-apoptotici e neuroinfiammatori tipici di questa sindrome. Per tutti questi motivi, abbiamo eseguito l’analisi dell’esoma di pazienti MKD, per valutare la presenza di eventuali altri geni implicati nelle variazioni fenotipiche; studiato, in modelli biochimici in vitro (ottenuti in cellule neuronali, microgliali e monocitiche), i meccanismi patogenetici di MKD, tra cui l'apoptosi, il danno mitocondriale, lo stress ossidativo e l'infiammazione; abbiamo inoltre valutato l'infiammazione sistemica e la neuro-infiammazione nel modello biochimico in vivo, ottenuto in due diversi ceppi di topi (BALB/C e C57BL/6); infine, abbiamo sviluppato un modello genetico in vitro, utilizzando trasfezione transitoria di due differenti mutazioni tipiche di MKD (I268T associato ad HIDS, e N301T tipico di MA), valutando le basi molecolari della malattia e il meccanismo patologico legato al processo autofagico.
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency: identification of new therapeutic target, in vitro and in vivo pathogenic study
TRICARICO, PAOLA MAURA
2016
Abstract
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD) is a rare autoinflammatory autosomal recessive inborn disease, caused by mutations in MVK gene that encodes for Mevalonate Kinase (MK) an important enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Mevalonate pathway is important for the production of cholesterol, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate essential for protein prenylation. MKD has heterogeneous clinical phenotypes, with a mild form, Hyper-IgD Syndrome (HIDS), and a severe one, Mevalonic Aciduria (MA). Heterogeneous symptoms including recurrent fevers, cutaneous rash, aphtae, arthralgia, abdominal pain with diarrhoea and vomiting characterize HIDS, while MA shows a more critical neurologic phenotype with psychomotor retardation, hepatopathy and cerebellar ataxia. More than 50% of MA patients die in infancy or early childhood. The correlation between MVK mutations and MKD clinical phenotype is still to be elucidated. Genotype-phenotype correlation is sometimes problematic due to the great genetic and clinical heterogeneity. MKD is also an orphan drug disease and the pathogenic mechanisms as well as the main actors involved in disease’s aetiology are still unknown; especially the pathogenesis of MA clinical manifestations has not been established. Indeed, the neuro-inflammatory mechanisms and the interactions that occur between the different cellular types in the brain have not yet been explained. The most accredited MKD pathogenetic hypothesis is based on the evidence that the mevalonate pathway block induces a decrease in isoprenoid compounds and prenylated proteins, leading to inflammatory phenotypes, caused by the activation of NALP-3 inflammasome that consequently determines IL-1β activation. Currently there is a lack of models for MKD studies. Indeed, the only model able to mimic pathologic features is a biochemical model obtained in vivo and in vitro by administration of mevalonate pathway inhibitors such as aminobisphosphonate or statin. The aim of this PhD project is to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of MKD. Special attention is given to MA, in order to evaluate the neuro-apoptotic and neuro-inflammatoy mechanisms leading to this syndrome. For all these reasons, we performed exome analyse of MKD patients in order to evaluate the presence of eventual other modifiers gene, able to modulate MKD phenotype; we investigated pathogenic mechanisms of MKD, including apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and inflammation using an in vitro biochemical models (i.e., neuronal, microglia and monocytic cells); we also evaluated systemic inflammation and neuro-inflammation employing an in vivo biochemical model obtained in two different mice strains (BALB/c and C57BL/6); finally, we developed an in vitro genetic model using transient transfection of two different MKD mutations (I268T associated with HIDS, and N301T typical of MA), evaluating the molecular basis of MKD and the pathology mechanism linked to autophagy. The main specific results emerging from this PhD thesis work are: - GRID2 could be a modifier gene of MKD; - biochemical block of mevalonate pathway in neuronal cells caused a balance between apoptosis follows mitochondrial pathway (caspase-9 and caspase-3 dependent) and pyroptosis (caspase-1 dependent); - microglial activation is a direct consequence of mevalonate pathway block, which induces an additional increase of neuronal cell death; - systemic and neuronal inflammations are observed in biochemical in vivo model obtained in two different mice strains; - mevalonate pathway block induced mitochondrial damage, leading to oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines’ release, which leaded cells to final apoptosis; - MVK mutations cause an alteration in autophagic flux that leads cells to final apoptosis, in in vitro genetic model of MKD in neuronal cells. The findings obtained during the PhD enabled to formulate a new MKD pathogenic hypothesis, based on mitophagy impairment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/62998
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-62998