Nanomedicine has been the subject of increasing interest in the last decades from the point of view of both basic research and advanced real-field applications. In particular, one of the important goals of nanomedicine is the development of theranostic nanosystems enabling to carry out diagnostic investigations while simultaneously acting as therapeutics. Among diagnostic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the choice of election because it provides detailed anatomical information. However, the conventional diagnostic imaging based of proton MRI suffers of some limitations such as the strong background signal and the need of paramagnetic contrast agents at high doses. An alternative MRI approach that has shown promise is 19F MRI, this technique is based on 19F, which is virtually absent from human tissues, and therefore it does not suffer from interfering background signals but requires the use of fluorinated contrast agents. At present, the lack of good contrast agents for 19F MRI is one of the bottlenecks hindering its clinical application. This work addresses this point by developing two fluorinated nanosystems: i) gold nanoparticles protected by fluorinated ligands and ii) fluorinated micelles. The design of both systems rely primarily on the use of perfluoropolyethylene glycol 600 as a building block to provide the necessary 19F MRI signal. Moreover, previous work from this group pinpointed that gold nanoparticles protected by fluorinated ligands can be potentially useful also as nanosystems capable of binding small hydrophobic drug-like molecules, therefore acting as drug delivery systems. The fluorinated gold nanoparticles developed in this work were conceived to deliver improved 19F MRI and drug carrier performance compared to previous designs. The second nanosystem, discussed in this work consists of fluorinated micelles obtained by using two novel fluorinated copolymers, hereby designed, synthesized and characterized, featuring a hydrophobic alkyl chain, a perfluorinated polymer moiety and a pegylated chain of variable length. It is anticipated that the fluorous environment of the micelles could act, similarly to the monolayer of fluorinated gold nanoparticles, as a hydrophobic environment to be loaded with putative drugs. The information and knowledge acquired on the fluorinated micelles will be instrumental also to the development of another hybrid organic-inorganic nanosystems consisting of fluorinated amphiphiles incapsulating copper sulfide nanocrystals in order to combine 19F MRI applications with plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT). Finally, a two-phase ligand exchange method with a fluorinated thiol is discussed for the dispersion of copper sulfide nanocrystals combined with 19F MRI.
Negli ultimi decenni la nanomedicina è stata oggetto di un aumentato interesse dal punto di vista sia della ricerca che di applicazioni pratiche sul campo. In particolare, uno degli obiettivi cardine della nanomedicina è lo sviluppo di nanosistemi per teranostica capaci di essere impiegati sia in diagnosi che in terapia. Tra le diverse tecniche di diagnostica, la risonanza magnetica nucleare (MRI) rappresenta la scelta di maggiore successo perché fornisce informazioni anatomiche dettagliate del paziente. Tuttavia, l’imaging diagnostico convenzionale basato sulla MRI al protone soffre di importanti limiti come, per esempio, il forte segnale di background e la necessità di alte dosi di agenti di contrasto paramagnetici. Un’alternativa che ha mostrato del potenziale rispetto all’approccio convenzionale è la 19F MRI, una tecnica che si basa sul 19F, che è quasi del tutto assente nei tessuti umani, e per questo motivo non soffre dell’interferenza causata dal segnale di background, ma richiede tuttavia l’uso di agenti di contrasto fluorurati. Al momento, la mancanza di validi agenti di contrasto per 19F MRI risulta essere uno dei principali colli di bottiglia che rallentano la sua applicazione in campo clinico. Questo lavoro si pone come obiettivo di trattare questo punto sviluppando due nuovi sistemi fluorurati: i) nanoparticelle d’oro protette da leganti fluorurati e ii) micelle fluorurate. Lo sviluppo di entrambi i sistemi si basa principalmente sull’impiego di perfluoropolyetilene glycole 600 come elemento costitutivo principale per fornire il segnale 19F NMR richiesto. Inoltre, i precedenti lavori del nostro gruppo hanno determinato che nanosistemi costituiti da nanoparticelle d’oro protette da leganti fluorurati potrebbero avere il potenziale di legare delle piccole molecole idrofobiche, come ad esempio farmaci, potendo svolgere perciò anche il ruolo di sistemi concepiti per il drug delivery. Le nanoparticelle d’oro fluorurate sviluppate in questo lavoro sono state ideate per fornire una migliore performance come agenti di contrasto per 19F NMR e come drug carrier, rispetto ai design precedenti. Il secondo nanosistema trattato in questo lavoro consiste di micelle fluorurate ottenute da due innovativi copolimeri fluorurati, sviluppati, sintetizzati e caratterizzati in questo lavoro, formati da una catena alchilica idrofobica, una porzione fluorurata e una catena di PEG di lunghezza variabile. La presenza dell’ambiente fluorurato nelle micelle fa supporre che questo possa comportarsi come lo strato auto-assemblato delle nanoparticelle fluorurate, ovvero come un ambiente idrofobico per poter ospitare eventuali farmaci. Le informazioni e conoscenza acquisita durante la formazione delle micelle fluorurate sarà fondamentale per lo sviluppo di un altro nanosistema ibrido organico-inorganico che consiste in molecole anfifiliche fluorurate che racchiudono nanocristalli di rame solfuro al loro interno, al fine di combinare applicazioni per 19F MRI e terapia fototermica plasmonica (PPTT). Per concludere, in questo lavoro viene discusso un metodo per la dispersione di cristalli di rame solfuro attraverso una reazione di scambio con un tiolo fluorurato, sintetizzato nell’ambito di questo lavoro.
Progettazione, sintesi e applicazione di nanoparticelle inorganiche-organiche protette da leganti fluorurati come nanomateriale per imaging e terapia
CRETELLA, MATTEO
2023
Abstract
Nanomedicine has been the subject of increasing interest in the last decades from the point of view of both basic research and advanced real-field applications. In particular, one of the important goals of nanomedicine is the development of theranostic nanosystems enabling to carry out diagnostic investigations while simultaneously acting as therapeutics. Among diagnostic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the choice of election because it provides detailed anatomical information. However, the conventional diagnostic imaging based of proton MRI suffers of some limitations such as the strong background signal and the need of paramagnetic contrast agents at high doses. An alternative MRI approach that has shown promise is 19F MRI, this technique is based on 19F, which is virtually absent from human tissues, and therefore it does not suffer from interfering background signals but requires the use of fluorinated contrast agents. At present, the lack of good contrast agents for 19F MRI is one of the bottlenecks hindering its clinical application. This work addresses this point by developing two fluorinated nanosystems: i) gold nanoparticles protected by fluorinated ligands and ii) fluorinated micelles. The design of both systems rely primarily on the use of perfluoropolyethylene glycol 600 as a building block to provide the necessary 19F MRI signal. Moreover, previous work from this group pinpointed that gold nanoparticles protected by fluorinated ligands can be potentially useful also as nanosystems capable of binding small hydrophobic drug-like molecules, therefore acting as drug delivery systems. The fluorinated gold nanoparticles developed in this work were conceived to deliver improved 19F MRI and drug carrier performance compared to previous designs. The second nanosystem, discussed in this work consists of fluorinated micelles obtained by using two novel fluorinated copolymers, hereby designed, synthesized and characterized, featuring a hydrophobic alkyl chain, a perfluorinated polymer moiety and a pegylated chain of variable length. It is anticipated that the fluorous environment of the micelles could act, similarly to the monolayer of fluorinated gold nanoparticles, as a hydrophobic environment to be loaded with putative drugs. The information and knowledge acquired on the fluorinated micelles will be instrumental also to the development of another hybrid organic-inorganic nanosystems consisting of fluorinated amphiphiles incapsulating copper sulfide nanocrystals in order to combine 19F MRI applications with plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT). Finally, a two-phase ligand exchange method with a fluorinated thiol is discussed for the dispersion of copper sulfide nanocrystals combined with 19F MRI.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/63372
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-63372