The eco-sustainable use of molecules derived from food and agricultural waste represents one of the most interesting challenges of the last few years. In fact, a direct consequence of the increasing world population is the non-stop increment of food waste, which has a major impact not only on economy and society but also on environment, as it severely contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Nowadays, indeed, only 1% of the food waste is recycled for industrial uses. At the same time, the supply of clean water to the growing population and the need to seek a viable alternative to the use of copper-based agricultural pesticides for crop protection, are becoming urgent issues. In this work, we exploit the possibility to merge these aspects developing all-in one systems, based on materials derived from food waste, which are able to capture, degrade, and remove environmental pollutants in water and to work as resistance inductors for plants protections against crop viruses. In particular, we exploited the possibility to extract chitosan from shrimp’s shells waste and we characterized the Degree of Deacetylation (DD) of the obtained material trough FT-IR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration, in order to compare it with the same biopolymer commercially available. We demonstrated that the extracted chitosan can be combined with other organic molecules from food waste (e.g., ascorbic and citric acid) and empower different types of gold nanoparticles in removal of hexavalent chromium species from Milli-Q and real water. Moreover, the efficiency of chitosan in polluted water cleaning through adsorption and photodegradation in real sun irradiation conditions, was demonstrated also when the biopolymer is formulated as hydrogels bubbles and combined with active components such as photocatalytic nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs and TiO2 NPs) or polymer blends (PEDOT:PSS), for the removal of organic dyes such as Methylene Blue or Methyl Orange. The good mechanical properties of chitosan-based hydrogel in form of films and the antimicrobial activity of gels against target bacteria and fungi, were proven with explorative tests. Finally, the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles as resistance inducers against Tobacco Necrosis Virus has been demonstrated. In summary, this work demonstrates that food waste can be recovered and reused to obtained valued added-materials for environmental remediation and crop protection. In particular, the use of chitosan as material-based template, whose functional properties can be rationally controlled and designed, is a promising strategy that allows us to combine its effectiveness with interesting antimicrobial properties which allows its use in real systems.
L'uso eco-sostenibile di molecole derivanti da rifiuti agricoli e/o alimentari rappresenta una delle sfide più interessanti degli ultimi anni. Infatti, una conseguenza diretta dell'aumento della popolazione mondiale è proprio l'incremento continuo degli scarti alimentari, che ha un forte impatto non solo dal punto di vista economico e sociale, ma anche ambientale, in quanto contribuisce fortemente alle emissioni di gas serra. Ad oggi, solo l'1% dei rifiuti alimentari viene riciclato per usi industriali. D’altro canto, la domanda sempre più alta di acqua potabile da fornire alla popolazione in crescita, e la necessità di cercare una valida alternativa all'uso di pesticidi agricoli a base di rame per la protezione delle colture, stanno diventando questioni urgenti. In questo lavoro di tesi, sfruttiamo la possibilità di unire questi aspetti, sviluppando sistemi “tutto-in -uno”, basati su materiali derivati da rifiuti alimentari, che sono in grado di catturare, degradare, e rimuovere gli inquinanti ambientali in acqua, e di lavorare come induttori di resistenza per la protezione delle piante contro i virus delle colture. In particolare, è stata sfruttata la possibilità di estrarre chitosano da gusci di gamberetti, il cui grado di deacetilazione (DD) è stato caratterizzato mediante spettroscopia FT-IR e titolazione potenziometrica, al fine di confrontarlo con due campioni commercialmente disponibili. In questa tesi, è stato quindi dimostrato che il chitosano estratto può essere combinato con altre molecole organiche derivanti da rifiuti alimentari (ad esempio, acido ascorbico e citrico) ed è in grado di potenziare diversi tipi di nanoparticelle d'oro nella rimozione di specie di cromo esavalente da acqua Milli-Q e acqua reale. Inoltre, è stata dimostrata l'efficienza del chitosano nella bonifica di acqua inquinata da coloranti organici come il blu di metilene e il metil arancio, mediante adsorbimento e fotodegradazione in condizioni simulate di irraggiamento solare, quando il biopolimero è formulato come hydrogel in forma di bubbles, ed è combinato con componenti attivi come nanoparticelle fotocatalitiche (AgNPs, AuNPs e TiO2 NPs) o miscele polimeriche (PEDOT:PSS). Le proprietà meccaniche degli hydrogel a base di chitosano in forma di film e l'attività antimicrobica dei gel contro batteri e funghi target, sono state dimostrate con test esplorativi. Infine, è stata provata l'efficacia delle nanoparticelle del chitosano come induttori di resistenza contro il virus della necrosi del tabacco (TNV). In sintesi, questo lavoro dimostra che i rifiuti alimentari possono essere recuperati e riutilizzati per ottenere materiali ad alto valore aggiunto per la bonifica ambientale e la protezione delle colture. In particolare, l'uso di materiali basati sul chitosano, le cui proprietà funzionali possono essere razionalmente controllate e progettate, è una strategia promettente che ci permette di combinare la sua efficacia con interessanti proprietà antimicrobiche del polimero, che ne consentono l'uso in sistemi reali.
Chitosan from food waste: a sustainable source for environment, water quality and agriculture
Maddaloni, Marina
2023
Abstract
The eco-sustainable use of molecules derived from food and agricultural waste represents one of the most interesting challenges of the last few years. In fact, a direct consequence of the increasing world population is the non-stop increment of food waste, which has a major impact not only on economy and society but also on environment, as it severely contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. Nowadays, indeed, only 1% of the food waste is recycled for industrial uses. At the same time, the supply of clean water to the growing population and the need to seek a viable alternative to the use of copper-based agricultural pesticides for crop protection, are becoming urgent issues. In this work, we exploit the possibility to merge these aspects developing all-in one systems, based on materials derived from food waste, which are able to capture, degrade, and remove environmental pollutants in water and to work as resistance inductors for plants protections against crop viruses. In particular, we exploited the possibility to extract chitosan from shrimp’s shells waste and we characterized the Degree of Deacetylation (DD) of the obtained material trough FT-IR spectroscopy and potentiometric titration, in order to compare it with the same biopolymer commercially available. We demonstrated that the extracted chitosan can be combined with other organic molecules from food waste (e.g., ascorbic and citric acid) and empower different types of gold nanoparticles in removal of hexavalent chromium species from Milli-Q and real water. Moreover, the efficiency of chitosan in polluted water cleaning through adsorption and photodegradation in real sun irradiation conditions, was demonstrated also when the biopolymer is formulated as hydrogels bubbles and combined with active components such as photocatalytic nanoparticles (AgNPs, AuNPs and TiO2 NPs) or polymer blends (PEDOT:PSS), for the removal of organic dyes such as Methylene Blue or Methyl Orange. The good mechanical properties of chitosan-based hydrogel in form of films and the antimicrobial activity of gels against target bacteria and fungi, were proven with explorative tests. Finally, the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles as resistance inducers against Tobacco Necrosis Virus has been demonstrated. In summary, this work demonstrates that food waste can be recovered and reused to obtained valued added-materials for environmental remediation and crop protection. In particular, the use of chitosan as material-based template, whose functional properties can be rationally controlled and designed, is a promising strategy that allows us to combine its effectiveness with interesting antimicrobial properties which allows its use in real systems.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/69473
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-69473