The Mediterranean diet and vegan-vegetarian diets have gained increasing interest in recent years, especially for their beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and cancer diseases. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in 2009 established that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes. Pregnancy is a unique and particular situation since the body has to cope not only with the nutritional needs of the mother but also with the regular growth of the fetus. Adequate nutrition is therefore one of the most important aspects to better enjoy this moment. The growing use of vegan-vegetarian diets in "rich" populations requires the need to evaluate their risks and benefits during pregnancy since the data in the literature are rather scant and heterogeneous with very contrasting results. North et al. in 2000, after enrolling about 8,000 children, reported an increased risk of hypospadias in children of vegetarian mothers (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 4.99, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 2.1-11.88). Therefore the risk of hypospadias needs further investigation to identify potential confounding factors, and should be mentioned in counselling with patients. Also, vegetarian women can suffer from calcium, zinc, DHA, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency. DHA contributes to normal brain and eye development in the fetus and breast-fed infant and its requirement in pregnancy is increased by 100-200 mg per day. Women who decide to follow these eating habits even during pregnancy must be followed by experts and monitored during pregnancy and during breastfeeding to be supplemented with deficient nutrients.
La dieta mediterranea e la dieta vegana-vegetariana hanno riscosso un interesse crescente negli ultimi anni, soprattutto per i loro effetti benefici sulle malattie cardiovascolari, sulla sindrome metabolica e sulle malattie oncologiche. L'Accademia di nutrizione e dietetica nel 2009 ha stabilito che le diete vegetariane opportunamente pianificate, comprese le diete vegetariane o totalmente vegane, sono salutari, adeguate dal punto di vista nutrizionale e possono fornire benefici per la salute nella prevenzione e nel trattamento di alcune malattie. Le diete vegetariane ben pianificate sono appropriate per gli individui durante tutte le fasi del ciclo di vita, compresa la gravidanza, l'allattamento, l'infanzia e l'adolescenza, e per gli atleti. La gravidanza è una situazione unica e particolare poiché l'organismo deve far fronte non solo alle esigenze nutrizionali della madre ma anche alla crescita regolare del feto. Un'alimentazione adeguata è quindi uno degli aspetti più importanti per vivere al meglio questo momento. Il crescente utilizzo di diete vegane-vegetariane nelle popolazioni "ricche" richiede la necessità di valutarne rischi e benefici durante la gravidanza poiché i dati in letteratura sono piuttosto scarsi ed eterogenei con risultati molto contrastanti. Nord et al. nel 2000, dopo aver arruolato circa 8.000 bambini, ha riportato un aumento del rischio di ipospadia nei figli di madri vegetariane (odds ratio aggiustato, aOR 4,99, intervallo di confidenza 95%, IC 95% 2,1-11,88). Pertanto il rischio di ipospadia necessita di ulteriori indagini per identificare potenziali fattori confondenti e dovrebbe essere menzionato nella consulenza con i pazienti. Inoltre, le donne vegetariane possono soffrire di carenza di calcio, zinco, DHA, vitamina B12 e ferro. Il DHA contribuisce al normale sviluppo del cervello e degli occhi nel feto e nel neonato allattato al seno e il suo fabbisogno in gravidanza è aumentato di 100-200 mg al giorno. Le donne che decidono di seguire queste abitudini alimentari anche durante la gravidanza devono essere seguite da esperti e monitorate durante la gravidanza e durante l'allattamento per essere integrate con nutrienti carenti.
Evaluation of the impact of vegan-vegetarian diets on maternal-fetal health in pregnancy: our experience
SORRENTINO, FELICE
2021
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet and vegan-vegetarian diets have gained increasing interest in recent years, especially for their beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and cancer diseases. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics in 2009 established that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes. Pregnancy is a unique and particular situation since the body has to cope not only with the nutritional needs of the mother but also with the regular growth of the fetus. Adequate nutrition is therefore one of the most important aspects to better enjoy this moment. The growing use of vegan-vegetarian diets in "rich" populations requires the need to evaluate their risks and benefits during pregnancy since the data in the literature are rather scant and heterogeneous with very contrasting results. North et al. in 2000, after enrolling about 8,000 children, reported an increased risk of hypospadias in children of vegetarian mothers (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 4.99, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 2.1-11.88). Therefore the risk of hypospadias needs further investigation to identify potential confounding factors, and should be mentioned in counselling with patients. Also, vegetarian women can suffer from calcium, zinc, DHA, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency. DHA contributes to normal brain and eye development in the fetus and breast-fed infant and its requirement in pregnancy is increased by 100-200 mg per day. Women who decide to follow these eating habits even during pregnancy must be followed by experts and monitored during pregnancy and during breastfeeding to be supplemented with deficient nutrients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/71656
URN:NBN:IT:UNIFG-71656