The present research focuses on three German authors who took part to the Resistance against Hitler’s regime: the painter and sculptor Johannes Ilmari Auerbach (1899-1950), the film director and author of autobiographical reports Falk Erich Walter Harnack (1913-1991) and the playwright Adam Kuckhoff (1887-1943). These men embraced the antifascist cause and joined undercover organizations in Hamburg (the so-called First-hour opponents), Berlin (The Red Orchestra) and Munich (The White Rose). They voiced their opposition to the Third Reich in an active way and by means of written words, giving expression to the ethical issue of Resistance, whose aim is to reinstate the fundamental values of the civilized society, as Law, Justice, Freedom, Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance. My study concentrates on their short writings, which are still unpublished in Italy: a short novel, some personal letters, two autobiographical reports, an essay, a play and an anti-propaganda fictitious letter. The analysis aims at exploring their writings from a historical-cultural literary point of view, which entails the linguistic and psychoanalytical investigation of their words in comparison with the so called LTI- Lingua Tertii Imperii, the German language altered and inflated by Nazis and their propaganda. The short novel Der Selbstmörderwettbewerb (1921, 1927) by Johannes Ilmari Auerbach anticipated the ethical decay of Nazi Germany: twelve volunteers have to kill themselves in the courthouse of an unspecified European city, they are judged by a jury and supported by their friends and families. Auerbach, who saw the deadly reality of the Great War, in 1933 experienced the terror of the Gestapo as he rebelled to the regime while he was in Hamburg. Auerbach was arrested several times until the last release at the end of 1935, before his exile. His letters from the prison, published posthumously in 1989 in the volume Eine Autobiographie in Briefen, testify his strong faith in the antifascist ideas. The film director Falk Harnack carried on the mission of his brother Arvid, who was sentenced to death for being an activist of the Red Orchestra. In his two autobiographical reports, entitled Es war nicht umsonst (1947) and Vom anderen Deutschland (1945-1947), Falk Harnack recalls the phases of his opposition: in 1942 he met the members of the White Rose in Munich, in hopes of establishing a wider antifascist net through Germany. He was soon arrested, processed for high treason and then unexpectedly set free. In 1946 he published the essay Die Aufgaben des deutschen Theaters in der Gegenwart, which argues the inalienable ethical role of theatre in the post war German society. In 1974, after many years, Harnack wrote the text Gescheiterter Widerstand?, which he presented at a conference at the Evangelische Akademie in Berlin. In this unpublished text he reflects upon the historical meaning of German Resistance and on the relationship with the National Socialist past. The playwright Adam Kuckhoff was a member of The Red Orchestra in Berlin, sentenced to death in 1943 for high treason. The main character of his drama Till Eulenspiegel (1933, 1941) is a symbol of Resistance and opposition to peer pressure, of a life committed to the cause of Freedom and to the pursuit of Happiness. In the fictitious letter Folge 8: An einen Polizeihauptmann, which he wrote in 1941 together with his friend John Sieg, the call to the German population to rebel to Hitler becomes stronger, as well the invitation to support the Soviet Partisans on the war front. These texts are a living legacy for the ethical issue of Resistance; through powerful words they transmit and inspire moral values; they testify that there was a possibility to refuse Nazi ideology and to oppose to Hitler. The writings of Auerbach, Harnack and Kuckhoff are counterweight to the perversion of language and values purported by Nazi totalitarianism and a genuine cornerstone of our transcultural Europe. Therefore, they deserve to be regarded as part of our Literature and as a fruitful source to confront the past critically.
La presente ricerca si concentra su tre autori tedeschi che partecipano alla Resistenza contro il nazionalsocialismo: il pittore, scultore e autore di una novella Johannes Ilmari Auerbach (1899-1950), il regista, saggista e testimone Falk Erich Walter Harnack (1913-1991) e il drammaturgo Adam Kuckhoff (1887 -1943). Questi uomini aderiscono alla causa antifascista e antinazista unendosi alle organizzazioni clandestine di Amburgo (la cosiddetta Resistenza della prima ora), Berlino (L’Orchestra Rossa) e Monaco di Baviera (La Rosa Bianca). Essi manifestano in modo attivo la totale opposizione al Terzo Reich e la loro scrittura diviene un canale di espressione dell’istanza etica della Resistenza, il cui scopo è quello di ripristinare i valori fondamentali della società civile, come la Legge, la Giustizia, la Libertà, la Responsabilità, la Solidarietà e la Tolleranza. Il mio studio prende in esame alcuni scritti brevi di questi autori, inediti in Italia: una novella, alcune lettere private, due resoconti autobiografici, un saggio, un dramma e una lettera fittizia di anti-propaganda. L'analisi presenta un taglio storico-culturale letterario e si propone di indagare la scrittura antifascista e antinazista anche dal punto di vista linguistico e psicoanalitico, ponendola in relazione con la cosiddetta LTI-Lingua Tertii Imperii, la lingua tedesca alterata dalla propaganda. La novella Der Selbstmörderwettbewerb (1921, 1927) di Johannes Ilmari Auerbach anticipa il decadimento etico della Germania nazificata: dodici volontari devono uccidersi nel palazzo di giustizia di una città europea non specificata, giudicati da una giuria e incoraggiati dal sostegno che diventa apertamente tifo dei loro amici e familiari. Auerbach, che sperimenta la realtà cruda della Grande Guerra, ad Amburgo nel 1933 vive in prima persona il terrore della Gestapo allorché si ribella al regime hitleriano. Il giovane artista viene arrestato diverse volte fino alla fine del 1935, quando viene rilasciato per l’ultima volta prima dell’esilio. Le sue lettere dalla prigione, pubblicate nel volume postumo del 1989 Eine Autobiographie in Briefen, testimoniano la sua forte fiducia nell’ideale antifascista. Il regista e autore di scritture testimoniali Falk Harnack difende, tiene viva e diffonde la missione del fratello Arvid, condannato a morte in quanto attivista dell'Orchestra Rossa. Nei due resoconti autobiografici, intitolati Es war nicht umsonst (1947) e Vom anderen Deutschland (1945-1947), Falk Harnack ricorda le fasi della sua opposizione al nazionalsocialismo: nel 1942 entra in contatto con i membri della Rosa Bianca a Monaco con la speranza di creare una rete antifascista più ampia e diffusa in tutta la Germania. Egli viene presto arrestato, processato per alto tradimento e poi improvvisamente scagionato. Nel 1946 Harnack pubblica il saggio Die Aufgaben des deutschen Theaters in der Gegenwart, in cui sostiene l'inalienabile ruolo etico del teatro nella società tedesca del Dopoguerra. Nel 1974, a distanza di molti anni, nel dattiloscritto Gescheiterter Widerstand?, presentato a una conferenza presso la Evangelische Akademie di Berlino, il regista riflette sul senso della Resistenza tedesca e sul rapporto con il passato nazionalsocialista. Il drammaturgo Adam Kuckhoff è membro dell'Orchestra Rossa di Berlino, viene condannato a morte nel 1943 per alto tradimento. Il protagonista del suo dramma Till Eulenspiegel (1933, 1941) è simbolo di Resistenza e opposizione alla pressione della massa nazificata, la sua opera testimonia di una vita vissuta nel nome della libertà e della ricerca della felicità. Nella lettera fittizia Folge 8: An einen Polizeihauptmann, scritta da Kuckhoff nel 1941 insieme all’amico e combattente John Sieg, il richiamo rivolto alla popolazione tedesca per ribellarsi a Hitler diviene più intenso ed esplicito, così come l'invito a sostenere i partigiani sovietici impegnati sul fronte occidentale. I testi che i tre autori ci hanno lasciato dormienti negli archivi o dimenticati dall’editoria, costituiscono un'eredità vivente, un canale di trasmissione per l’istanza etica della Resistenza. Attraverso parole potenti essi tramandano valori morali di grande ispirazione e testimoniano come vi fosse in Germania, presso tedeschi di lignaggio e tradizione, la possibilità di rifiutare l'ideologia nazionalsocialista e di opporsi a Hitler. Gli scritti di Auerbach, Harnack e Kuckhoff rappresentano pertanto il contrappeso ai valori perversi del totalitarismo nazista e costituiscono un riferimento per la nostra Europa transculturale. Essi meritano di essere considerati parte della nostra letteratura e una risorsa valida per un confronto critico col passato.
DAS ANDERE DEUTSCHLAND ¿ SCRIVERE UN¿ALTRA GERMANIA. SOGLIE DI RESISTENZA AL NAZIONALSOCIALISMO IN JOHANNES ILMARI AUERBACH, FALK HARNACK, ADAM KUCKHOFF
DI ALESSANDRO, SARA
2018
Abstract
The present research focuses on three German authors who took part to the Resistance against Hitler’s regime: the painter and sculptor Johannes Ilmari Auerbach (1899-1950), the film director and author of autobiographical reports Falk Erich Walter Harnack (1913-1991) and the playwright Adam Kuckhoff (1887-1943). These men embraced the antifascist cause and joined undercover organizations in Hamburg (the so-called First-hour opponents), Berlin (The Red Orchestra) and Munich (The White Rose). They voiced their opposition to the Third Reich in an active way and by means of written words, giving expression to the ethical issue of Resistance, whose aim is to reinstate the fundamental values of the civilized society, as Law, Justice, Freedom, Responsibility, Solidarity and Tolerance. My study concentrates on their short writings, which are still unpublished in Italy: a short novel, some personal letters, two autobiographical reports, an essay, a play and an anti-propaganda fictitious letter. The analysis aims at exploring their writings from a historical-cultural literary point of view, which entails the linguistic and psychoanalytical investigation of their words in comparison with the so called LTI- Lingua Tertii Imperii, the German language altered and inflated by Nazis and their propaganda. The short novel Der Selbstmörderwettbewerb (1921, 1927) by Johannes Ilmari Auerbach anticipated the ethical decay of Nazi Germany: twelve volunteers have to kill themselves in the courthouse of an unspecified European city, they are judged by a jury and supported by their friends and families. Auerbach, who saw the deadly reality of the Great War, in 1933 experienced the terror of the Gestapo as he rebelled to the regime while he was in Hamburg. Auerbach was arrested several times until the last release at the end of 1935, before his exile. His letters from the prison, published posthumously in 1989 in the volume Eine Autobiographie in Briefen, testify his strong faith in the antifascist ideas. The film director Falk Harnack carried on the mission of his brother Arvid, who was sentenced to death for being an activist of the Red Orchestra. In his two autobiographical reports, entitled Es war nicht umsonst (1947) and Vom anderen Deutschland (1945-1947), Falk Harnack recalls the phases of his opposition: in 1942 he met the members of the White Rose in Munich, in hopes of establishing a wider antifascist net through Germany. He was soon arrested, processed for high treason and then unexpectedly set free. In 1946 he published the essay Die Aufgaben des deutschen Theaters in der Gegenwart, which argues the inalienable ethical role of theatre in the post war German society. In 1974, after many years, Harnack wrote the text Gescheiterter Widerstand?, which he presented at a conference at the Evangelische Akademie in Berlin. In this unpublished text he reflects upon the historical meaning of German Resistance and on the relationship with the National Socialist past. The playwright Adam Kuckhoff was a member of The Red Orchestra in Berlin, sentenced to death in 1943 for high treason. The main character of his drama Till Eulenspiegel (1933, 1941) is a symbol of Resistance and opposition to peer pressure, of a life committed to the cause of Freedom and to the pursuit of Happiness. In the fictitious letter Folge 8: An einen Polizeihauptmann, which he wrote in 1941 together with his friend John Sieg, the call to the German population to rebel to Hitler becomes stronger, as well the invitation to support the Soviet Partisans on the war front. These texts are a living legacy for the ethical issue of Resistance; through powerful words they transmit and inspire moral values; they testify that there was a possibility to refuse Nazi ideology and to oppose to Hitler. The writings of Auerbach, Harnack and Kuckhoff are counterweight to the perversion of language and values purported by Nazi totalitarianism and a genuine cornerstone of our transcultural Europe. Therefore, they deserve to be regarded as part of our Literature and as a fruitful source to confront the past critically.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/72187
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-72187