Part I. The baron Chapter I. The military career between Naples and Milan (1418-1455) The first part of the chapter analyses the family context of Sanseverino. The father Leonetto belonged to the Sanseverino family of Caiazzo, a cadet branch of uncertain legitimacy of the great baronial family. His mother Elisa was the daughter of Muzio Attendolo and sister of Francesco Sforza. Following the conquest of the kingdom of Naples by Alfonso the Magnanimous, the young Roberto lost all the land he had inherited from his father and was forced to follow Sforza, enlisting in his military company. His relatives from the Sanseverino side of the family, eager to obtain his land, were hostile to him. In the second part of the chapter, the story of the Sanseverino goes back to the service of the maternal uncle, from the Marca war to the Sforza conquest of the Duchy of Milan. This event will prove to be fundamental for the career of Sanseverino, who, towards the mid of the fifteenth century, was the grandson of one of the most powerful Italian princes. His services also earned him the investiture of the fiefs of Colorno and Pontecurone, a prestigious marriage with a member of the family of Correggio and an independent condotta. Chapter II. The recovery of the paternal inheritance in the kingdom of Naples (1455-1464) The chapter analyses the strategies made by Sanseverino to recover the legacy of his father in the South of Italy. The first part of the chapter covers the diplomatic mission of Sanseverino to Alfonso the Magnanimous, who returned him most of his land, as a consequence of the new agreement between the king and Sforza - due to the improvement of the relations between Naples and Milan following the peace of Lodi. The second part of the chapter follows the events of Sanseverino during the war of succession to the kingdom of Naples, which led him to recover Caiazzo, obtained together with the title of count. The chapter also tries to analyse the strategies implemented by the condottiero to create a favorable political context to secure the conquered lands avoiding any possible future losses: on the one hand he cultivated good relations with King Ferrante of Aragon, on the other he held firm agreements with the other Sanseverinos. Chapter III. First disappointments (1465-1466) The chapter focuses on Sanseverino’s attempt to obtain a joint military company co-financed by Milan and Naples, a natural consequence of his dual nature of Sforzesco condottiero and southern baron. The political and economic context of the second half of the sixties, however, were not favourable to him: the reform of the Neapolitan state army and the Milanese economic crisis forced him to go to Florence, which at that time was allied with both the Naples kingdom and the Milan duchy. Part II. The disappointed condottiero Chapter IV. Florence and the condottiero (1467-1470) This chapter discusses the difficult relationship between Sanseverino and Florence. The demanding attitude of the condottiero and the distrust of the republic in dealing with the mercenaries created strong tensions, mitigated only in part by the mediation of the Medici, the Duke of Milan and the king of Naples. On the background of this affair, Sanseverino attempted to forge even stronger relationships with the South, which resulted in his daughter's marriage to a member of the Carafa di Maddaloni family. Over the time, more and more discouraged by the continuous contrasts with Florence, the condottiero also began to distrust both Sforza and Ferrante, who did not keep their promises. Chapter V. Sforzesco illuson (1470-1476) The first part of the chapter analyses the break (however not traumatic) of the Sanseverino with Ferrante d'Aragona and the return to the direct service of the Sforza. Following this, the condottiero invested all his efforts in his interests in Northern Italy, but kept his lands in the South. The second part of the chapter covers his service in Bologna as the most important Sforzesco condottiero in Romagna, his relations with the city and his diplomatic and military contribution in the region. The chapter also discusses the growth of his personal status, due to his experience, a new prestigious marriage with a Malavolti from Siena and the cementing of his friendship with Lorenzo the Magnificent. The final part of the chapter analyses instead the decline of the good relations of Sanseverino with Francesco Sforza, who, from granting him prestigious new fiefs and regular salaries, went to treat him disrespectfully due to a new economic crisis of the duchy that made the pay less and less regular. Furthermore Sanseverino, tired of his inactivity in Bologna, made his first attempt to obtain an independent principality. The climate of tension between the duke of Milan and his cousin Sanseverino was solved only by the assassination of the first on 26 December 1476. Part III. The rebel Chapter VI. A rebellious sforzesco The chapter analyses the actions of the Sanseverino following the assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza. The condottiero, taking the parts of the deceased duke's brothers, chose the way of rebellion against the legitimate regency of the young Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza, led by Bona di Savoia and Cicco Simonetta: he hoped to exploit the moment of political confusion to increase his status further. His vicissitudes in these convulsed years include: first, his plots against the regency, emerging from the papers of the trial brought against him in Milan; his escape to France under Louis XI; his stay in Asti first at the service of the king of France first and later at the service of the king of Naples. Finally, once at the service of King Ferrante, Sanseverino helped the rebel republic of Genoa to reject the assault of Sforza’s remarkable army. The last part of the chapter explains how Ludovico Maria Sforza and Sanseverino managed to return to Milan thanks to the support of the king of Naples and the military ability of the condottiero. Chapter VII. Roberto Sanseverino and Ludovico the Moro (1479-1484) The undertakings analysed in the previous chapter, created in Sanseverino the awareness of being a leading figure of the Italian politics, but gave him the misperception to be able to deal with Ludovico il Moro: the condottiero thus started aspiring to the direct domination of the Duchy of Milan. However, if in the paste his ties with the Sforza family had helped him to achieve his goals, in this case, they undermined his plans: the condottiero had in fact overestimated his position in the hierarchy of power within the Sforza family. Even from the initial agreement to subdivide the tasks with the Moro, Sanseverino appeared to be in an inferior position, both from the point of view of legitimacy and of political ability: the agreement would have lasted until the Sforza had wanted it. Soon Sanseverino was marginalized and forced to a second and sensational escape from the duchy. He then switched to the service of Venice and, thanks to his brilliant conduct held during the war in Ferrara, Sanseverino reached the peak of his personal career, managing to be elected captain general of Italy with the peace of Bagnolo in August 1484. Chapter VIII. The enemy of the peace of Italy (1485-1487) The chapter is devoted to the last part of Sanseverino's life. Following the peace of Bagnolo, the condottiero felt powerful enough to try to conquer an independent principality with his own strength. However, after trying unsuccessfully to take Siena, he realized that a general upheaval in Italy was the only hope for him to get a real success: in August 1485 he decided to support the rebellion of the barons of the South, and was appointed Gonfalonier of the Church by the Pope Innocent VIII. The war that followed turned out to be a disaster for him and soon he was abandoned by the Pope himself, who excluded him from the peace agreement with the King of Naples in August 1486. Without a state that supported him, Sanseverino was extremely vulnerable. Ferrante d'Aragona and the Moro did not miss this opportunity to eliminate him: the Duke of Calabria pursued him, implacable, from Lazio to Romagna, where he forced him to dissolve his military company and escape with a few men in Veneto. Here he was offered a monthly allowance, but he was not given any military duty. At the age of 68 he was a finished man, without his military company and hated by all the Italian powers. He died fighting the Austrians in Trentino the following year.
Parte I. Il barone Capitolo I. Il mestiere della armi tra Napoli e Milano (1418-1455) Nella prima parte del capitolo si analizza il contesto famigliare del Sanseverino. Il padre Leonetto apparteneva alla famiglia dei Sanseverino di Caiazzo, un ramo cadetto di incerta legittimità della grande casata baronale. La madre Elisa era figlia di Muzio Attendolo e sorella di Francesco Sforza. Il giovane Roberto, a seguito della conquista del regno di Napoli da parte di Alfonso il Magnanimo, perse tutte le terre che aveva ereditato dal padre e fu costretto a seguire lo Sforza, arruolandosi nella sua compagnia. I suoi parenti Sanseverino, desiderosi di incamerare le sue terre, gli furono ostili. Nella seconda parte del capitolo si ripercorrono le vicende del Sanseverino al servizio dello zio materno, dalla guerra della Marca fino alla conquista del ducato di Milano da parte dello Sforza. Questo evento si rivelerà fondamentale per la carriera del Sanseverino, il quale, alla metà degli anni Cinquanta si trovava ad essere il nipote di uno dei principi più potenti d’Italia. I suoi servigi gli valsero anche l’investitura dei feudi di Colorno e Pontecurone, un matrimonio prestigioso con una da Correggio e una condotta indipendente. Capitolo II. Il recupero dell’eredità paterna nel regno di Napoli (1455-1464) Il capitolo analizza le mosse messe in atto dal Sanseverino per recuperare l’eredità del padre nel Mezzogiorno. Nella prima parte ricostruiamo la missione diplomatica del Sanseverino presso Alfonso il Magnanimo, il quale gli restituì la maggior parte delle sue terre, in omaggio alla nuova intesa fra lui e lo Sforza a seguito del distendersi dei rapporti fra Napoli e Milano dopo la pace di Lodi. La seconda parte, invece, segue le vicende del Sanseverino durante la guerra di successione al regno di Napoli, che lo portarono a recuperare Caiazzo, ottenuta insieme al titolo comitale. Si è cercato, parimenti, di analizzare le strategie messe in atto dal condottiero per creare il contesto politico necessario affinché le terre riconquistate non potessero venire alienate in futuro: da un lato coltivò buoni rapporti con re Ferrante d’Aragona, dall’altro strinse solide intese con gli altri Sanseverino. Capitolo III. Prime delusioni (1465-1466) Il capitolo analizza il tentativo del Sanseverino di ottenere una condotta condivisa da Milano e Napoli, naturale conseguenza della sua doppia natura di condottiero sforzesco e barone meridionale. Il contesto politico ed economico della seconda metà degli anni Sessanta, però lo sfavorì: la riforma dell’esercito demaniale napoletano e la crisi economica milanese lo costrinsero ad andare a servire Firenze, all’epoca alleata del regno e del ducato. Parte II. Il condottiero deluso Capitolo IV. Firenze e il condottiero (1467-1470) In questo capitolo si analizza il difficile rapporto fra il Sanseverino e Firenze. Le importanti richieste del condottiero e la diffidenza della repubblica nel trattare con i mercenari crearono forti tensioni, mitigate solo in parte dalla mediazione dei Medici, del duca di Milano e del re di Napoli. Sullo sfondo di questa vicenda, si è osservato anche il tentativo del Sanseverino di stringere rapporti ancora più forti con il Mezzogiorno, concretizzato dal matrimonio della figlia con un Carafa di Maddaloni. Con il passare del tempo, sempre più sfiduciato dai continui contrasti con Firenze, il condottiero incominciò anche a diffidare dello Sforza e di Ferrante, i quali gli avevano fatto molte promesse, ma ne avevano mantenute ben poche. Capitolo V. L’illusone sforzesca (1470-1476) La prima parte del capitolo analizza la rottura (comunque non traumatica) del Sanseverino con Ferrante d’Aragona e il ritorno al servizio diretto dello Sforza. Il condottiero investì così tutti i suoi sforzi nei suoi interessi nel Nord Italia, conservando però le sue terre nel Mezzogiorno. La seconda parte del capitolo ricostruisce la sua permanenza a Bologna come condottiero sforzesco più importante della Romagna, i suoi rapporti con la città e il suo contributo diplomatico e militare nella regione. Parimenti si osserva la crescita del suo status personale, dovuto alla sua esperienza, un nuovo matrimonio prestigioso con una Malavolti di Siena e il cementarsi dell’amicizia con Lorenzo il Magnifico. La parte finale del capitolo analizza invece il declinare dei buoni rapporti del Sanseverino con lo Sforza, che, dal concedergli nuovi feudi prestigiosi e stipendi regolari, passò a trattarlo con poco rispetto: una nuova crisi economica del ducato rese infatti il soldo sempre meno regolare. Il Sanseverino, inoltre, era stanco della sua inattività bolognese e fece suoi primi tentativi di ottenere un principato indipendente. Il clima di tensione fra il duca e il cugino venne risolto solo dall’assassinio del primo il 26 dicembre 1476. Parte III. Il ribelle Capitolo VI. Uno sforzesco ribelle Il capitolo analizza le mosse del Sanseverino a seguito dell’assassinio di Galeazzo Maria Sforza. Il condottiero, prendendo le parti dei fratelli del duca defunto, scelse la via della ribellione contro la reggenza legittima del giovane Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza, guidata da Bona di Savoia e da Cicco Simonetta: sperava così di poter sfruttare il momento di confusione politica per accrescere ulteriormente il suo status. Si seguono così tutte le sue vicissitudini in questi anni convulsi: prima, attraverso le carte del processo intentato contro di lui a Milano, le sue trame contro la reggenza; in seguito la sua fuga in Francia presso Luigi XI; poi la sua permanenza ad Asti al servizio del re di Francia prima e del re di Napoli poi. Una volta entrato al servizio di re Ferrante, il Sanseverino aiutò la ribelle repubblica di Genova a respingere l’assalto di un imponete esercito sforzesco. L’ultima parte del capitolo narra invece di come Ludovico Maria Sforza e il Sanseverino riuscirono a rientrare a Milano grazie all’appoggio del re di Napoli e all’abilità militare del condottiero. Capitolo VII. Roberto Sanseverino e Ludovico il Moro (1479-1484) Le imprese analizzate nel capitolo precedente, crearono nel Sanseverino la consapevolezza di essere una figura di primo piano della politica italiana, illudendolo però di poter trattare da pari con Ludovico il Moro: il condottiero si illuse così di poter aspirare al dominio diretto del ducato di Milano. Se però in passato la parentela sforzesca lo aveva aiutato ad ottenere i suoi scopi, in questo caso, lo tradì: il condottiero aveva infatti sopravvalutato la sua posizione all’interno della gerarchia di potere in seno alla famiglia Sforza. Un iniziale accordo di suddivisione dei compiti con il Moro ci fu, ma questi era in posizione di superiorità sul Sanseverino, sia dal punto di vista della legittimità, che da quello dell’abilità politica: l’intesa sarebbe durata finché lo Sforza l’avesse voluto. Ben presto il Sanseverino venne emarginato e fu costretto alla seconda clamorosa fuga dal ducato. Passò al servizio di Venezia, un’opzione di carriera sempre paventata nei carteggi dell’epoca, ma mai concretizzatasi per la volontà del capitano di non rompere con Napoli e Milano. Con la brillante condotta tenuta durante la guerra di Ferrara, il Sanseverino raggiunse l’apice della sua carriera personale, riuscendo a farsi eleggere capitano generale d’Italia con la pace di Bagnolo dell’agosto del 1484. Capitolo VIII. Il nemico della pace d’Italia (1485-1487) Il capitolo analizza l’ultima parte della vita del Sanseverino. In seguito alla pace di Bagnolo, il condottiero si sentì abbastanza potente da tentare di conquistarsi un principato indipendente con le sue sole forze. Dopo aver tentato inutilmente di prendere Siena, però si accorse che senza un rivolgimento generale in Italia, non poteva sperare di ottenere un vero successo e, così, nell’agosto del 1485 decise di appoggiare la ribellione dei baroni del Mezzogiorno, assoldato dal pontefice Innocenzo VIII come gonfaloniere della Chiesa. La guerra che ne seguì si rivelò per lui un disastro e ben presto venne abbandonato dal papa stesso, il quale lo escluse dall’accordo di pace stretto con il re di Napoli nell’agosto del 1486. Senza uno stato che lo appoggiasse, il Sanseverino era estremamente vulnerabile. Ferrante d’Aragona e il Moro non persero quindi l’occasione per eliminarlo: il duca di Calabria lo inseguì, implacabile, dal Lazio fino alla Romagna, dove lo costrinse a sciogliere la compagnia e riparare con pochi uomini in Veneto. Qui gli venne offerto un sussidio mensile, ma non gli venne dato alcun incarico militare. A 68 anni era un uomo finito, senza la sua compagnia e odiato da tutte le potenze italiane. Morì combattendo in Trentino conto gli Austriaci l’anno seguente.
ROBERTO SANSEVERINO (1418-1487)UN GRANDE CONDOTTIERO DEL QUATTROCENTOTRA IL REGNO DI NAPOLI E IL DUCATO DI MILANO
CASIRAGHI, MATTIA MARTIN
2018
Abstract
Part I. The baron Chapter I. The military career between Naples and Milan (1418-1455) The first part of the chapter analyses the family context of Sanseverino. The father Leonetto belonged to the Sanseverino family of Caiazzo, a cadet branch of uncertain legitimacy of the great baronial family. His mother Elisa was the daughter of Muzio Attendolo and sister of Francesco Sforza. Following the conquest of the kingdom of Naples by Alfonso the Magnanimous, the young Roberto lost all the land he had inherited from his father and was forced to follow Sforza, enlisting in his military company. His relatives from the Sanseverino side of the family, eager to obtain his land, were hostile to him. In the second part of the chapter, the story of the Sanseverino goes back to the service of the maternal uncle, from the Marca war to the Sforza conquest of the Duchy of Milan. This event will prove to be fundamental for the career of Sanseverino, who, towards the mid of the fifteenth century, was the grandson of one of the most powerful Italian princes. His services also earned him the investiture of the fiefs of Colorno and Pontecurone, a prestigious marriage with a member of the family of Correggio and an independent condotta. Chapter II. The recovery of the paternal inheritance in the kingdom of Naples (1455-1464) The chapter analyses the strategies made by Sanseverino to recover the legacy of his father in the South of Italy. The first part of the chapter covers the diplomatic mission of Sanseverino to Alfonso the Magnanimous, who returned him most of his land, as a consequence of the new agreement between the king and Sforza - due to the improvement of the relations between Naples and Milan following the peace of Lodi. The second part of the chapter follows the events of Sanseverino during the war of succession to the kingdom of Naples, which led him to recover Caiazzo, obtained together with the title of count. The chapter also tries to analyse the strategies implemented by the condottiero to create a favorable political context to secure the conquered lands avoiding any possible future losses: on the one hand he cultivated good relations with King Ferrante of Aragon, on the other he held firm agreements with the other Sanseverinos. Chapter III. First disappointments (1465-1466) The chapter focuses on Sanseverino’s attempt to obtain a joint military company co-financed by Milan and Naples, a natural consequence of his dual nature of Sforzesco condottiero and southern baron. The political and economic context of the second half of the sixties, however, were not favourable to him: the reform of the Neapolitan state army and the Milanese economic crisis forced him to go to Florence, which at that time was allied with both the Naples kingdom and the Milan duchy. Part II. The disappointed condottiero Chapter IV. Florence and the condottiero (1467-1470) This chapter discusses the difficult relationship between Sanseverino and Florence. The demanding attitude of the condottiero and the distrust of the republic in dealing with the mercenaries created strong tensions, mitigated only in part by the mediation of the Medici, the Duke of Milan and the king of Naples. On the background of this affair, Sanseverino attempted to forge even stronger relationships with the South, which resulted in his daughter's marriage to a member of the Carafa di Maddaloni family. Over the time, more and more discouraged by the continuous contrasts with Florence, the condottiero also began to distrust both Sforza and Ferrante, who did not keep their promises. Chapter V. Sforzesco illuson (1470-1476) The first part of the chapter analyses the break (however not traumatic) of the Sanseverino with Ferrante d'Aragona and the return to the direct service of the Sforza. Following this, the condottiero invested all his efforts in his interests in Northern Italy, but kept his lands in the South. The second part of the chapter covers his service in Bologna as the most important Sforzesco condottiero in Romagna, his relations with the city and his diplomatic and military contribution in the region. The chapter also discusses the growth of his personal status, due to his experience, a new prestigious marriage with a Malavolti from Siena and the cementing of his friendship with Lorenzo the Magnificent. The final part of the chapter analyses instead the decline of the good relations of Sanseverino with Francesco Sforza, who, from granting him prestigious new fiefs and regular salaries, went to treat him disrespectfully due to a new economic crisis of the duchy that made the pay less and less regular. Furthermore Sanseverino, tired of his inactivity in Bologna, made his first attempt to obtain an independent principality. The climate of tension between the duke of Milan and his cousin Sanseverino was solved only by the assassination of the first on 26 December 1476. Part III. The rebel Chapter VI. A rebellious sforzesco The chapter analyses the actions of the Sanseverino following the assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza. The condottiero, taking the parts of the deceased duke's brothers, chose the way of rebellion against the legitimate regency of the young Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza, led by Bona di Savoia and Cicco Simonetta: he hoped to exploit the moment of political confusion to increase his status further. His vicissitudes in these convulsed years include: first, his plots against the regency, emerging from the papers of the trial brought against him in Milan; his escape to France under Louis XI; his stay in Asti first at the service of the king of France first and later at the service of the king of Naples. Finally, once at the service of King Ferrante, Sanseverino helped the rebel republic of Genoa to reject the assault of Sforza’s remarkable army. The last part of the chapter explains how Ludovico Maria Sforza and Sanseverino managed to return to Milan thanks to the support of the king of Naples and the military ability of the condottiero. Chapter VII. Roberto Sanseverino and Ludovico the Moro (1479-1484) The undertakings analysed in the previous chapter, created in Sanseverino the awareness of being a leading figure of the Italian politics, but gave him the misperception to be able to deal with Ludovico il Moro: the condottiero thus started aspiring to the direct domination of the Duchy of Milan. However, if in the paste his ties with the Sforza family had helped him to achieve his goals, in this case, they undermined his plans: the condottiero had in fact overestimated his position in the hierarchy of power within the Sforza family. Even from the initial agreement to subdivide the tasks with the Moro, Sanseverino appeared to be in an inferior position, both from the point of view of legitimacy and of political ability: the agreement would have lasted until the Sforza had wanted it. Soon Sanseverino was marginalized and forced to a second and sensational escape from the duchy. He then switched to the service of Venice and, thanks to his brilliant conduct held during the war in Ferrara, Sanseverino reached the peak of his personal career, managing to be elected captain general of Italy with the peace of Bagnolo in August 1484. Chapter VIII. The enemy of the peace of Italy (1485-1487) The chapter is devoted to the last part of Sanseverino's life. Following the peace of Bagnolo, the condottiero felt powerful enough to try to conquer an independent principality with his own strength. However, after trying unsuccessfully to take Siena, he realized that a general upheaval in Italy was the only hope for him to get a real success: in August 1485 he decided to support the rebellion of the barons of the South, and was appointed Gonfalonier of the Church by the Pope Innocent VIII. The war that followed turned out to be a disaster for him and soon he was abandoned by the Pope himself, who excluded him from the peace agreement with the King of Naples in August 1486. Without a state that supported him, Sanseverino was extremely vulnerable. Ferrante d'Aragona and the Moro did not miss this opportunity to eliminate him: the Duke of Calabria pursued him, implacable, from Lazio to Romagna, where he forced him to dissolve his military company and escape with a few men in Veneto. Here he was offered a monthly allowance, but he was not given any military duty. At the age of 68 he was a finished man, without his military company and hated by all the Italian powers. He died fighting the Austrians in Trentino the following year.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/73622
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-73622