The research aims to frame the evolution of the Risorgimento moderate political environments active in the years that immediately preceded the attainment of national unity, with attention focused mainly on the National Society, the first and only structured organization able to act as a counterpart to the Mazzini “party” and, more in general, the forces of democratic inspiration. Taking into account what runs from the fall of the Roman Republic (September 1849) to the crucial years for the Italian unification (1859-61), this work aims to reconstruct the political itinerary of those numerous patriots who, moving from a democratic culture or from a culture of republican inspiration, in the aftermath of the failure of the revolutionary 1848 season, they entered into a profound conflict with the Mazzinian environments and began, on the basis of their experience in the provisional and constitutional governments, to develop alternative political solutions for the achievement of the unity and independence of Italy. The analysis of this unprecedented political context moves from the experience of exile, a key passage in the events of many of the protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento, with specific attention to the story of Daniele Manin, who in the second half of the 50s from Paris will become a pivotal figure and a point of reference for a vast network of moderate liberals, former democrats and federalists. The most recent studies on the symbolism of the Risorgimento and on the mythization of some figures of this season have been put in relation with the archive documentation to trace a profile of Manin’s role on the social and political Parisian scene, not only as an influential propagator of the reasons of the Italian nation, but also as a symbolic figure, able to embody the prototype of the virtuous state man and well-balanced patriot, far from the revolutionary excesses. The choice to focus the attention on the Parisian context has been dictated, in addition to the lack of studies on the Italian exile in France during the so-called decade of preparation, by the observation that in these years the French capital began to distinguish itself as a real political laboratory for Italian patriots. Figures such as Giuseppe Montanelli or Aurelio Saliceti emerge for their own initiative and for an autonomous political elaboration, representing many alternatives to the project, destined to prevail for greater unity, referring to Manin. Experiments of a democratic nature such as that of the Latin Committee or attempts at Bonapartist revival such as the Murattian ended up influencing the future National Society, whose ideological elaboration, strongly influenced by the thought of Gioberti, has been deepened thanks to the correspondence between the Italian exiles in France. A process not of mere repetition of the theories contained in the Rinnovamento conducted by Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, representative in Turin of many Italian exiles in Paris and Manin’s partner in the construction of the new political subject. The collaboration between Manin and Pallavicino Trivulzio, in the process of consolidation of the National Society political proposal and in the propagation of its thoughts, represents a further aspect taken into consideration by the research, which aims to identify the different souls of the organization by analyzing specifically the breakthrough represented by the arrival into the group of Giuseppe La Farina. He has been able to transform the nascent party from an effective propaganda and mobilization machine in favor of the Italian cause into a structured entity, open to large sections of the population, spread throughout the peninsula, through local committees coordinated by the central one of Turin, equipped with an official press organ and oriented, albeit with all the limits of the case, towards an unequivocal ideology, making it a political proto-party.
La ricerca mira a inquadrare l’evoluzione degli ambienti politici risorgimentali di impronta moderata attivi negli anni che hanno immediatamente preceduto il conseguimento dell’unità nazionale, con un’attenzione concentrata soprattutto sulla Società Nazionale, prima ed unica organizzazione strutturata capace di fare da contraltare al “partito” mazziniano e, più in generale, alle forze d’ispirazione democratica. Stabilendo come torno di tempo quello che corre dalla caduta della Repubblica Romana (settembre 1849) agli anni cruciali per l’unificazione italiana (1859-61), questo lavoro punta a ricostruire l’itinerario politico di quei numerosi patrioti che, muovendo da una cultura democratica o di stampo repubblicano, all’indomani del fallimento della stagione rivoluzionaria quarantottesca entrarono in profondo conflitto con gli ambienti mazziniani e iniziarono, sulla scorta dell’esperienza fatta nell’ambito dei governi provvisori e costituzionali, ad elaborare soluzioni politiche alternative per il raggiungimento dell’unità e dell’indipendenza d’Italia. L’analisi di questo inedito contesto politico muove dall’esperienza dell’esilio, un passaggio chiave nelle vicende di molti dei protagonisti del Risorgimento italiano, con una specifica attenzione alla vicenda di Daniele Manin, che nella seconda metà degli anni ‘50 da Parigi diventerà figura cardine e punto di riferimento per una vasta rete di liberali moderati, ex democratici, federalisti. Gli studi più recenti sulla simbologia risorgimentale e sulla mitizzazione di alcune figure di questa stagione sono stati messi in rapporto con la documentazione d’archivio per tracciare un profilo del ruolo di Manin sulla scena sociale e politica parigina non soltanto come influente propagatore delle ragioni della nazione italiana, ma anche come figura simbolica, capace di incarnare il prototipo dell’uomo di Stato virtuoso e del patriota equilibrato lontano dagli eccessi rivoluzionari. La scelta di focalizzare l’attenzione sul contesto parigino è stata dettata, oltre che dalla carenza di studi sull’esulato italiano in Francia nel cosiddetto decennio di preparazione, dalla constatazione che in questi anni la capitale francese iniziava a distinguersi come un vero e proprio laboratorio politico per i patrioti italiani. Personaggi come Giuseppe Montanelli o Aurelio Saliceti emergono per la propria iniziativa e per un’elaborazione politica autonoma, rappresentando altrettante alternative al progetto, destinato a prevalere per una maggiore organicità, facente capo a Manin. Esperimenti di stampo democratico come quello del Comitato Latino o tentativi di revival bonapartista come quello murattiano finirono infatti per condizionare l’articolazione della futura Società Nazionale, la cui elaborazione ideologica fortemente debitrice dal pensiero di Gioberti è stata approfondita anche grazie alle corrispondenze fra gli esuli italiani in Francia. Un processo non di mera riproposizione delle teorie contenute nel Rinnovamento condotto da Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, referente torinese di molti esponenti dell’esulato italiano a Parigi e sodale di Manin nella costruzione del nuovo soggetto politico. La collaborazione fra Manin e Pallavicino Trivulzio nel consolidare la proposta politica della Società Nazionale e nel propagandarne il pensiero negli ambienti rappresenta un ulteriore aspetto preso in esame dalla ricerca, che ha teso a identificare le diverse anime dell’organizzazione analizzando nello specifico il salto di qualità rappresentato dall’ingresso nella compagine di Giuseppe La Farina, capace di trasformare il nascente partito da efficace macchina propagandistica e di mobilitazione a favore della causa italiana in una struttura articolata, aperta all’adesione di ampie fasce della popolazione, diffusa sul territorio della penisola attraverso dei comitati locali coordinati da quello centrale di Torino, dotata di un organo di stampa ufficiale e orientata, pur con tutti i limiti del caso, verso un’univoca ideologia, facendone insomma un proto-partito politico.
ALLE ORIGINI DEL LIBERALISMO MODERATO: LA SOCIETÀ NAZIONALE ITALIANA NEL DECENNIO DI PREPARAZIONE
TRINCANATO, PIETRO GIOVANNI
2018
Abstract
The research aims to frame the evolution of the Risorgimento moderate political environments active in the years that immediately preceded the attainment of national unity, with attention focused mainly on the National Society, the first and only structured organization able to act as a counterpart to the Mazzini “party” and, more in general, the forces of democratic inspiration. Taking into account what runs from the fall of the Roman Republic (September 1849) to the crucial years for the Italian unification (1859-61), this work aims to reconstruct the political itinerary of those numerous patriots who, moving from a democratic culture or from a culture of republican inspiration, in the aftermath of the failure of the revolutionary 1848 season, they entered into a profound conflict with the Mazzinian environments and began, on the basis of their experience in the provisional and constitutional governments, to develop alternative political solutions for the achievement of the unity and independence of Italy. The analysis of this unprecedented political context moves from the experience of exile, a key passage in the events of many of the protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento, with specific attention to the story of Daniele Manin, who in the second half of the 50s from Paris will become a pivotal figure and a point of reference for a vast network of moderate liberals, former democrats and federalists. The most recent studies on the symbolism of the Risorgimento and on the mythization of some figures of this season have been put in relation with the archive documentation to trace a profile of Manin’s role on the social and political Parisian scene, not only as an influential propagator of the reasons of the Italian nation, but also as a symbolic figure, able to embody the prototype of the virtuous state man and well-balanced patriot, far from the revolutionary excesses. The choice to focus the attention on the Parisian context has been dictated, in addition to the lack of studies on the Italian exile in France during the so-called decade of preparation, by the observation that in these years the French capital began to distinguish itself as a real political laboratory for Italian patriots. Figures such as Giuseppe Montanelli or Aurelio Saliceti emerge for their own initiative and for an autonomous political elaboration, representing many alternatives to the project, destined to prevail for greater unity, referring to Manin. Experiments of a democratic nature such as that of the Latin Committee or attempts at Bonapartist revival such as the Murattian ended up influencing the future National Society, whose ideological elaboration, strongly influenced by the thought of Gioberti, has been deepened thanks to the correspondence between the Italian exiles in France. A process not of mere repetition of the theories contained in the Rinnovamento conducted by Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, representative in Turin of many Italian exiles in Paris and Manin’s partner in the construction of the new political subject. The collaboration between Manin and Pallavicino Trivulzio, in the process of consolidation of the National Society political proposal and in the propagation of its thoughts, represents a further aspect taken into consideration by the research, which aims to identify the different souls of the organization by analyzing specifically the breakthrough represented by the arrival into the group of Giuseppe La Farina. He has been able to transform the nascent party from an effective propaganda and mobilization machine in favor of the Italian cause into a structured entity, open to large sections of the population, spread throughout the peninsula, through local committees coordinated by the central one of Turin, equipped with an official press organ and oriented, albeit with all the limits of the case, towards an unequivocal ideology, making it a political proto-party.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/74498
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-74498