The present thesis, dedicated to prevention and repression measures of violence at sporting events, aims to outline a generally complete picture of the system that the Italian legal system has prepared over the years to counter the peculiar phenomenon of fan violence during sporting events (football matches, in particular). The thesis, after a brief clarification of the scope of the research, made through the distinction of the concept of fan violence (or football hooliganism) from sporting violence, is initially concerned with providing a historical reconstruction of the phenomenon, and then moving on to an examination of it in a socio-criminological key, taking into consideration both the scientific elaboration produced abroad (especially in the United Kingdom, but also in other European countries), and the studies carried out in Italy, which have highlighted some characteristics of the typical phenomenon of our country. The paper, in its first part, before dealing with the purely criminal (and procedural criminal) aspects of the matter, attempts to offer, from an interdisciplinary perspective, a key to understanding the phenomenon, useful for subsequently identifying the proportionality and reasonableness of the answer that the Italian legal system offers. Subsequently, the thesis takes into consideration the supranational sources – especially at European level – that have been issued in order to give common and harmonious answers to a phenomenon not limited by the borders of the individual nations. The 1985 Heysel massacre represents the tragic event that for the first time brought to the attention of both the European Community and the Council of Europe the serious dangers that football hooliganism can generate, especially in connection with major events; from that moment on, there has therefore been the gradual introduction of a supranational regulatory body aimed at standardizing the laws and practices of the European countries most affected by the phenomenon. The reference to these sources is useful, in the economics of the report, to verify whether the measures adopted by Italy are actually adequate to the standards developed by the European Union and the Council of Europe. The thesis then proceeds to describe, in an analytical way, the turbulent regulatory evolution that has characterized the national legislation to fight violence at sporting events, highlighting both the powerful development of personal prevention in this sector, and the introduction of a series of “differentiated” indictments and procedural provisions, aimed at completing the repressive response to the phenomenon; in describing the regulatory evolution, the critical issues that were proposed from time to time were highlighted: in particular, the various doctrinal positions developed over time were analyzed and the attempts made by jurisprudence (including constitutional) to offer an interpretation of anti-violence legislation that is as coherent and respectful of the rights of the individual as possible. The last chapter, more focused on prevention measures - both atypical (such as DASPO) and typical - aimed at people with sporting dangers, finally aims to bring out the specific problems that have arisen with regard to the preventive system of violence in stadiums, analyzing in particular the characteristics and criticalities of the “dangerous fan” category, without neglecting some due hints to the broader problems relating to the danger to public safety and, even more generally, to the legitimacy and compatibility with the constitutional system of the prevention measures present in the Italian legal system. In the conclusion of the thesis, there are some reflections on the framing of the preventive-repressive system to combat fan violence within the controversial paradigm of the criminal law of the enemy, as well as some observations on exporting within urban context (through the so-called urban DASPO) of the model effectively tested in relation to fans; Finally, some proposals for improvement of the current legislation are made, firstly, to make the existing measures more respectful of the rights of the individuals that are addressed to them and, secondly, to introduce an intervention on several levels, which does not neglect the cultural and social aspects of the phenomenon, and that it is no longer unbalanced on police repression and prevention, with the hope that the future legislator does not intervene, once again, under the pressure of the emergency.
L’elaborato, dedicato agli strumenti di prevenzione e repressione della violenza in occasione di manifestazioni sportive, si propone di tracciare un quadro tendenzialmente completo del sistema che l’ordinamento italiano ha predisposto nel corso degli anni per contrastare il peculiare fenomeno della violenza negli stadi. La tesi, dopo una breve precisazione dell’ambito della ricerca, operata tramite la distinzione del concetto della violenza negli stadi (o teppismo calcistico) dalla violenza sportiva, si occupa inizialmente di fornire una ricostruzione storica del fenomeno in oggetto, per poi passare ad un esame di esso in chiave socio-criminologica, prendendo in considerazione sia l’elaborazione scientifica prodotta all’estero (in special modo nel Regno Unito, ma anche in altri Paesi europei), sia gli studi compiuti in Italia, che hanno evidenziato alcune caratteristiche del fenomeno tipiche del nostro Paese. L’elaborato, nella sua prima parte, prima di occuparsi degli aspetti prettamente penalistici (e processualpenalistici) della materia, tenta di offrire, in un’ottica interdisciplinare, una chiave di lettura al fenomeno, utile per individuare successivamente la proporzionalità e la ragionevolezza della risposta che l’ordinamento italiano offre. Successivamente, la tesi prende in considerazione le fonti sovranazionali – in particolare a livello europeo – che sono state emanate allo scopo di dare risposte comuni e armoniche ad un fenomeno non limitato dai confini delle singole nazioni. La strage dell’Heysel del 1985 rappresenta il tragico evento che ha per la prima volta posto all’attenzione sia della Comunità europea sia del Consiglio d’Europa i gravi pericoli che il teppismo calcistico può generare, specialmente in correlazione a grandi eventi; a partire da quel momento si è quindi assistito alla progressiva introduzione di un corpo normativo sovranazionale volto ad uniformare le legislazioni e le prassi dei Paesi europei maggiormente interessati dal fenomeno. Il riferimento a tali fonti è utile, nell’economia dell’elaborato, per verificare se le misure adottate dall’Italia siano effettivamente adeguate agli standard elaborati dall’Unione europea e dal Consiglio d’Europa. La tesi procede poi a descrivere, in modo analitico, la turbolenta evoluzione normativa che ha caratterizzato la legislazione nazionale di contrasto alla violenza in occasione di manifestazioni sportive, evidenziando sia il poderoso sviluppo della prevenzione personale in questo settore, sia l’introduzione di una serie di incriminazioni e disposizioni processuali “differenziate”, finalizzate a completare la risposta repressiva al fenomeno; nel descrivere l’evoluzione normativa, sono state sottolineate le criticità che di volta in volta si sono proposte: in particolare, sono state analizzate le varie posizioni dottrinali sviluppatesi nel corso del tempo e sono stati evidenziati i tentativi compiuti dalla giurisprudenza (anche costituzionale) di offrire un’interpretazione della legislazione antiviolenza quanto più coerente e rispettosa dei diritti dell’individuo. L’ultimo capitolo, maggiormente concentrato sulle misure di prevenzione – sia atipiche (come il DASPO), che tipiche – rivolte ai soggetti a pericolosità sportiva, mira infine a far emergere le problematiche specifiche che si sono proposte con riguardo al sistema preventivo della violenza negli stadi, analizzando in particolare le caratteristiche e le criticità della categoria del “pericoloso sportivo”, senza tralasciare alcuni dovuti accenni alle più ampie problematiche relative alla pericolosità per la sicurezza pubblica e, ancor più in generale, alla stessa legittimazione e compatibilità con il sistema costituzionale delle misure di prevenzione presenti nell’ordinamento italiano. Nella conclusione della tesi, sono presenti alcune riflessioni in merito all’inquadramento del sistema preventivo-repressivo di contrasto alla violenza dei tifosi all’interno del discusso paradigma del diritto penale del nemico, nonché alcune osservazioni in merito all’esportazione all’interno della realtà urbana (tramite il c.d. DASPO urbano) del modello efficacemente sperimentato nei confronti dei tifosi; vengono infine avanzate alcune proposte di miglioramento dell’attuale legislazione, in primo luogo, per rendere le misure vigenti più rispettose dei diritti dei soggetti che ne sono destinatari e, in secondo luogo, per introdurre un intervento su più livelli, che non trascuri gli aspetti sociali e culturali del fenomeno, e che non sia più sbilanciato sulla repressione e sulla prevenzione di polizia, con l’auspicio che il futuro legislatore non intervenga, ancora una volta, sotto la spinta dell’emergenza.
LA VIOLENZA IN OCCASIONE DELLE MANIFESTAZIONI SPORTIVE. IL DASPO E GLI ALTRI STRUMENTI DI PREVENZIONE E REPRESSIONE
SIBILIO, DAVIDE
2021
Abstract
The present thesis, dedicated to prevention and repression measures of violence at sporting events, aims to outline a generally complete picture of the system that the Italian legal system has prepared over the years to counter the peculiar phenomenon of fan violence during sporting events (football matches, in particular). The thesis, after a brief clarification of the scope of the research, made through the distinction of the concept of fan violence (or football hooliganism) from sporting violence, is initially concerned with providing a historical reconstruction of the phenomenon, and then moving on to an examination of it in a socio-criminological key, taking into consideration both the scientific elaboration produced abroad (especially in the United Kingdom, but also in other European countries), and the studies carried out in Italy, which have highlighted some characteristics of the typical phenomenon of our country. The paper, in its first part, before dealing with the purely criminal (and procedural criminal) aspects of the matter, attempts to offer, from an interdisciplinary perspective, a key to understanding the phenomenon, useful for subsequently identifying the proportionality and reasonableness of the answer that the Italian legal system offers. Subsequently, the thesis takes into consideration the supranational sources – especially at European level – that have been issued in order to give common and harmonious answers to a phenomenon not limited by the borders of the individual nations. The 1985 Heysel massacre represents the tragic event that for the first time brought to the attention of both the European Community and the Council of Europe the serious dangers that football hooliganism can generate, especially in connection with major events; from that moment on, there has therefore been the gradual introduction of a supranational regulatory body aimed at standardizing the laws and practices of the European countries most affected by the phenomenon. The reference to these sources is useful, in the economics of the report, to verify whether the measures adopted by Italy are actually adequate to the standards developed by the European Union and the Council of Europe. The thesis then proceeds to describe, in an analytical way, the turbulent regulatory evolution that has characterized the national legislation to fight violence at sporting events, highlighting both the powerful development of personal prevention in this sector, and the introduction of a series of “differentiated” indictments and procedural provisions, aimed at completing the repressive response to the phenomenon; in describing the regulatory evolution, the critical issues that were proposed from time to time were highlighted: in particular, the various doctrinal positions developed over time were analyzed and the attempts made by jurisprudence (including constitutional) to offer an interpretation of anti-violence legislation that is as coherent and respectful of the rights of the individual as possible. The last chapter, more focused on prevention measures - both atypical (such as DASPO) and typical - aimed at people with sporting dangers, finally aims to bring out the specific problems that have arisen with regard to the preventive system of violence in stadiums, analyzing in particular the characteristics and criticalities of the “dangerous fan” category, without neglecting some due hints to the broader problems relating to the danger to public safety and, even more generally, to the legitimacy and compatibility with the constitutional system of the prevention measures present in the Italian legal system. In the conclusion of the thesis, there are some reflections on the framing of the preventive-repressive system to combat fan violence within the controversial paradigm of the criminal law of the enemy, as well as some observations on exporting within urban context (through the so-called urban DASPO) of the model effectively tested in relation to fans; Finally, some proposals for improvement of the current legislation are made, firstly, to make the existing measures more respectful of the rights of the individuals that are addressed to them and, secondly, to introduce an intervention on several levels, which does not neglect the cultural and social aspects of the phenomenon, and that it is no longer unbalanced on police repression and prevention, with the hope that the future legislator does not intervene, once again, under the pressure of the emergency.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/75227
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-75227