CLINICAL IMPACT OF CARBOHYDRATE COUNTING IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES IN REAL LIFE: A 2-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate (CHO) counting is the recommended dietary strategy to achieve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). It is based on the premise that, of all the macronutrients, CHO has the most significant impact in raising the postprandial blood glucose levels. CHO-counting assumes a linear correlation between the CHO intake and the mealtime insulin dose and it allows food flexibility but, in the long-term, it may promote weight gain and unhealthy dietary habits. AIMS: To evaluate, in real-life condition, the impact of CHO-counting method on glycemic control, glucose variability, anthropometric measurement, and dietary variables in patients with T1DM in a 2-year follow-up study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 51 adult patients (30F/21M, aged 36.2±9.8 years), treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily injections, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (25 patients, trained on the CHO-counting method) and to a control group (26 patients who received standard medical care). HbA1c levels, total daily dose of insulin, high and low blood glucose index (HBGI, LBGI), postprandial glucose levels in target, BMI, fat mass (FM), simple CHO (s-CHO), cholesterol, saturated fats (SF), fiber and vegetable protein (VP) dietary intake were compared among groups at baseline and after 24 months (T24). RESULTS: The two groups were comparable at baseline. Compared to the control group, at T24 the counting group showed a significant increase of postprandial glucose levels in target (controls vs counters: -2.49±11.84 vs +13.85±13.06; p<0.01) and a significant reduction of HbA1c levels (+0.53±0.81 vs -0.65±0.54; p<0.01), FM (+1.81±3.91 vs -2.45±4.54; p<0.01) and BMI (+0.58±1.48 vs -0.30±1.32; p=0.03). Total daily dose of insulin, HBGI and LBGI were slightly but not significantly decreased. Compared to the control subjects, the patients who used the CHO-counting method significantly reduced s-CHO (respectively, +10.31% vs -11.59%; p<0.01), cholesterol (+2,10% vs -30,08%), and SF (+9.63% vs -17.64%; p<0.01) dietary intake; they also significantly increased fiber (-8.59% vs +50.43%; p<0.01) and VP (-10.63% vs +30.19%; p<0.01) dietary intake. CONCLUSION: In adult patients with T1DM, CHO-counting improves glycemic control, anthropometric parameters, and body composition and it decreases glucose variability. This meal-planning method also represents a nutritional education program that leads to a healthy dietary lifestyle.
IMPATTO CLINICO DEL COUNTING DEI CARBOIDRATI IN SOGGETTI AFFETTI DA DM1 NELLA REAL LIFE: FOLLOW-UP A 2 DUE ANNI INTRODUZIONE: il counting dei carboidrati (CHO) è la strategia nutrizionale raccomandata per il miglioramento del controllo glicometabolico in pazienti con DM1. L’aumentata flessibilità alimentare raggiunta dai chi applica tale metodica a lungo termine può incidere negativamente sulla qualità dello stile alimentare. SCOPO: Valutare l’impatto del CHO-counting sul compenso glicemico, sulla composizione corporea e sullo stile alimentare in soggetti con DM1 in un follow-up di 24 mesi (T24). METODI: 51 soggetti con DM1 (30F/21M; età 36.2±9.8) sono stati randomizzati nel gruppo di intervento counting (n=25, educati alla pratica del conteggio) e nel gruppo di controllo (n=26, non educati a tale metodica). Livello di HbA1c, Fabbisogno Insulinico Giornaliero (FIG), indici di variabilità glicemica (HBGI, LBGI), % di glicemie postprandiali a target (%PPG), BMI, massa grassa (FM) e dati nutrizionali [intake di zuccheri semplici (s-CHO), grassi saturi (SF), colesterolo, fibra, proteine di origine vegetale (VP)] sono stati valutati tra i 2 gruppi al basale (T0) e al T24. RISULTATI: Al T0 i 2 gruppi erano comparabili. Rispetto ai controlli, al T24 i soggetti del gruppo counting hanno mostrato una riduzione significativa del livello di HbA1c (controlli vs counters: +0.53±0.81 vs -0.65±0.54; p<0.01) della FM (+1.81±3.91 vs -2.45±4.54; p<0.01) e del BMI (+0.58±1.48 vs -0.30±1.32; p=0.03); hanno mostrato anche un aumento della %PPG a target (-2.49±11.84 vs +13.85±13.06; p<0.01) e una tendenza alla riduzione di FIG, HBGI e LBGI. Dal punto di vista nutrizionale questi soggetti hanno ridotto in modo significativo (p<0.01) l’intake di s-CHO (+10.31% vs -11.59%), colesterolo (+2,10% vs -30,08%) e SF (+9.63% vs -17.64%) e aumentato significativamente (p<0.01) il consumo di fibra (-8.59% vs +50.43%) e VP (-10.63% vs +30.19%). CONCLUSIONI: Il counting si è dimostrato efficace nel raggiungere e mantenere un miglior controllo glicemico. I soggetti che applicano tale metodica, ponendo attenzione ai CHO presenti negli alimenti, a lungo termine aumentano anche la sensibilità verso altri aspetti nutrizionali fondamentali per il miglioramento dello stile alimentare.
IMPATTO CLINICO DELLA METODICA DEL CONTEGGIO DEI CARBOIDRATI IN SOGGETTI AFFETTI DA DM1 NELLA REAL LIFE: FOLLOW-UP A 2 DUE ANNI
SMIRAGLIA, MASSIMILIANA
2015
Abstract
CLINICAL IMPACT OF CARBOHYDRATE COUNTING IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES IN REAL LIFE: A 2-YEAR FOLLOW-UP STUDY BACKGROUND: Carbohydrate (CHO) counting is the recommended dietary strategy to achieve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). It is based on the premise that, of all the macronutrients, CHO has the most significant impact in raising the postprandial blood glucose levels. CHO-counting assumes a linear correlation between the CHO intake and the mealtime insulin dose and it allows food flexibility but, in the long-term, it may promote weight gain and unhealthy dietary habits. AIMS: To evaluate, in real-life condition, the impact of CHO-counting method on glycemic control, glucose variability, anthropometric measurement, and dietary variables in patients with T1DM in a 2-year follow-up study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 51 adult patients (30F/21M, aged 36.2±9.8 years), treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily injections, were randomly assigned to an intervention group (25 patients, trained on the CHO-counting method) and to a control group (26 patients who received standard medical care). HbA1c levels, total daily dose of insulin, high and low blood glucose index (HBGI, LBGI), postprandial glucose levels in target, BMI, fat mass (FM), simple CHO (s-CHO), cholesterol, saturated fats (SF), fiber and vegetable protein (VP) dietary intake were compared among groups at baseline and after 24 months (T24). RESULTS: The two groups were comparable at baseline. Compared to the control group, at T24 the counting group showed a significant increase of postprandial glucose levels in target (controls vs counters: -2.49±11.84 vs +13.85±13.06; p<0.01) and a significant reduction of HbA1c levels (+0.53±0.81 vs -0.65±0.54; p<0.01), FM (+1.81±3.91 vs -2.45±4.54; p<0.01) and BMI (+0.58±1.48 vs -0.30±1.32; p=0.03). Total daily dose of insulin, HBGI and LBGI were slightly but not significantly decreased. Compared to the control subjects, the patients who used the CHO-counting method significantly reduced s-CHO (respectively, +10.31% vs -11.59%; p<0.01), cholesterol (+2,10% vs -30,08%), and SF (+9.63% vs -17.64%; p<0.01) dietary intake; they also significantly increased fiber (-8.59% vs +50.43%; p<0.01) and VP (-10.63% vs +30.19%; p<0.01) dietary intake. CONCLUSION: In adult patients with T1DM, CHO-counting improves glycemic control, anthropometric parameters, and body composition and it decreases glucose variability. This meal-planning method also represents a nutritional education program that leads to a healthy dietary lifestyle.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/76099
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-76099