Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of bone remodelling pattern in alveolar socket. AIM Following tooth extraction, the alveolar bone remodelling process starts. The aim of this research project was to characterize the molecular and morphological aspects of the alveolar bone remodelling pattern before and after dental extraction and in conjunction with the use of hydroxyapatite enriched with magnesium (Mg-e HA) to preserve the post-extractive alveolar socket. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients, divided in three groups, were enrolled in this study. The studied groups were: alveolar bone (OA, n=14), spontaneous healing (GS, n=10) and biomaterial (B, n=12). The biopsies for morphological and molecular analyses were harvested during the extraction tooth session (group OA) or 4-6 months later (GS, B). In GS group, patients recovered spontaneously, while in B group Mg-e HA granules were grafted to avoid the collapse of post-extraction socket. For each group, one specimen was processed for Haematoxylin and Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for TNF-α, IL-6, RANK, RANKL and OPG. Another specimen was processed to evaluate the gene expression of the same biomarkers by Real-Time PCR (mRNA retro-transcript into cDNA). Data were normalized on housekeeping gene 18s. In GS and B groups, ground sections were obtained to evaluate the mineral component by mean of stereological analyses. For each parameter, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the differences among the three groups (Kruskal Wallis, significance for p<0.05); post hoc tests were made by Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05/3). RESULTS Samples harvested from each group presented a normal structure, without evident inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemical (IA) and molecular analysis (MA) showed an increment for all biomarkers. IA: The three groups were significantly different for markers TNF-α (p<0.05), RANK (p<0.01), IL-6 e RANKL (p<0.001). Post hoc tests showed a difference between OA and B for RANK (p≤ 0.01), IL-6 and RANKL (p ≤0.001); between GS and B for IL-6 (p≤0.01). MA: Kruskal Wallis test showed a difference among groups for IL-6 (p≤0.05), RANKL and OPG (p≤0.001); post hoc tests revealed a significant difference between: OA and B for IL-6 (p≤0.01); OA and GS for RANKL and OPG (p≤0.001); GS and B for IL-6 and RANKL (p≤0.01), OPG (p≤0.001). RANKL/OPG ratio showed a tendency towards a reduced osteoclastogenesis in group B. Histomorphometry revealed a high percentage of mineralized tissue in the grafted sites; all the residual granules were surrounded by newly formed bone, consisting in regenerated bone bridges. CONCLUSION Both post-extractive groups had an increase of all analysed biomarkers in respect of the physiological remodelling pattern. In the grafted sites, IL-6 values were higher than in the spontaneous healing group; in contrast RANK, RANKL and OPG were slightly lower. The present data may suggest a slowing down in the restoration of the anatomical site, possibly due to a down regulation in the osteoclastogenesis. However, the tissue composition of the grafted alveolar socket showed a good bone regeneration in both groups. Therefore, the current biomaterial could be considered a useful tool for alveolar socket preservation.
Analisi immunoistochimica e molecolare del pattern di rimodellamento osseo nell’alveolo post-estrattivo SCOPO Il sito dell’alveolo post-estrattivo è un modello ampiamente utilizzato nello studio del rimodellamento osseo fisiologico o patologico e del comportamento di biomateriali per la rigenerazione ossea. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato quello di caratterizzare il pattern morfologico e molecolare dei marker coinvolti nel rimodellamento osseo alveolare, prima e dopo l’estrazione dentale, ed eventualmente in combinazione con un biomateriale utilizzato per preservare l’anatomia del sito ai fini riabilitativi. MATERIALI E METODI Per questo studio sono stati arruolati 36 pazienti, suddivisi in 3 gruppi indipendenti: osso alveolare (OA, n=14), guarigione spontanea (GS, n=10) e biomateriale (B, n=12). Durante la seduta di estrazione dentaria sono state raccolte 2 piccole biopsie per paziente per effettuare l’analisi morfologica (tessuto decalcificato) e molecolare (mRNA retro-trascritto in cDNA e Real Time-PCR) (gruppo OA). Dopo 4-6 mesi dall’estrazione dentale, sono state prelevate 3 biopsie per paziente, in concomitanza dell’inserimento dell’impianto dentale, nel sito guarito spontaneamente (GS) o mediante biomateriale (B) (idrossiapatite arricchita con magnesio). Per ogni gruppo sono state effettuate le stesse analisi del gruppo OA e l’analisi istomorfometrica (tessuto calcificato). L’analisi morfologica ha previsto: colorazione Ematossilina/Eosina per osservare un eventuale infiltrato infiammatorio, colorazione immunoistochimica dei fattori caratterizzanti il pattern di rimodellamento osseo (TNF-α, IL-6, RANK, RANKL e OPG), espressa come marcatura percentuale. L’analisi molecolare è stata effettuata sugli stessi marcatori normalizzati sul gene housekeeping 18S. Sui tessuti ottenuti per usura, è stata valutata l’osteointegrazione del biomateriale e la componente minerale mediante la valutazione delle frazioni di volume (stereologia). Per ciascun parametro sono state calcolate la media e la deviazione standard; è stato utilizzato il test di Kruskal Wallis (p<0,05) per valutare le eventuali differenze tra i 3 gruppi per ogni parametro e successivo test post hoc di Wilcoxon (p< 0,05/3). RISULTATI All’osservazione i campioni raccolti non presentavano né anomalie strutturali né infiltrato infiammatorio. Sia l’analisi immunoistochimica (AI) che molecolare (AM) ha mostrato un incremento per tutti i biomarker. AI: I tre gruppi erano significativamente differenti per il marcatore TNF-α (p<0.05), RANK (p<0.01), IL-6 e RANKL (p<0.001). Il test post hoc ha mostrato una differenza tra OA e B per RANK (p≤ 0.01), IL-6 e RANKL (p ≤0.001); tra GS e B per IL-6 (p≤0.01). AM: Il test di Kruskal Wallis ha mostrato differenze tra i gruppi per IL-6 (p≤0.05), RANKL e OPG (p≤0.001); il test post hoc ha riscontrato una significativa differenza tra OA e B per IL-6 (p≤0.01); OA e GS per RANKL e OPG (p≤0,001); tra GS e B per IL-6 e RANKL (p≤0,01), OPG (p≤0,001). Il rapporto RANKL/OPG ha mostrato una tendenza alla riduzione dell’osteoclastogenesi nel gruppo B. L’analisi istomorfometrica ha mostrato un’alta percentuale di componente mineralizzata nel gruppo con il biomateriale; tutte le particelle innestate erano circondate da osso rigenerato che creava ponti tra di esse. CONCLUSIONI Rispetto al rimodellamento fisiologico tutti i marker indagati hanno mostrato un incremento in entrambi i gruppi in fase di guarigione dell’alveolo post-estrattivo. Nei siti trattati con il biomateriale si è osservato un aumento della citochina IL-6 ed una diminuzione di RANK, RANKL e OPG rispetto alla guarigione spontanea. Questo può significare un rallentamento della ricostituzione del sito anatomico, dovuto ad una possibile down-regulation dell’osteoclastogenesi. Tuttavia, l’analisi della struttura dell’alveolo ha mostrato una buona rigenerazione ossea, in entrambi i gruppi; pertanto il biomateriale analizzato può essere considerato un valido ausilio per la preservazione dell’alveolo post-estrattivo.
ANALISI IMMUNOISTOCHIMICA E MOLECOLARE DEL PATTERN DI RIMODELLAMENTO OSSEO NELL¿ALVEOLO POST-ESTRATTIVO
CANCIANI, ELENA
2014
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of bone remodelling pattern in alveolar socket. AIM Following tooth extraction, the alveolar bone remodelling process starts. The aim of this research project was to characterize the molecular and morphological aspects of the alveolar bone remodelling pattern before and after dental extraction and in conjunction with the use of hydroxyapatite enriched with magnesium (Mg-e HA) to preserve the post-extractive alveolar socket. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six patients, divided in three groups, were enrolled in this study. The studied groups were: alveolar bone (OA, n=14), spontaneous healing (GS, n=10) and biomaterial (B, n=12). The biopsies for morphological and molecular analyses were harvested during the extraction tooth session (group OA) or 4-6 months later (GS, B). In GS group, patients recovered spontaneously, while in B group Mg-e HA granules were grafted to avoid the collapse of post-extraction socket. For each group, one specimen was processed for Haematoxylin and Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for TNF-α, IL-6, RANK, RANKL and OPG. Another specimen was processed to evaluate the gene expression of the same biomarkers by Real-Time PCR (mRNA retro-transcript into cDNA). Data were normalized on housekeeping gene 18s. In GS and B groups, ground sections were obtained to evaluate the mineral component by mean of stereological analyses. For each parameter, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the differences among the three groups (Kruskal Wallis, significance for p<0.05); post hoc tests were made by Wilcoxon tests (p<0.05/3). RESULTS Samples harvested from each group presented a normal structure, without evident inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemical (IA) and molecular analysis (MA) showed an increment for all biomarkers. IA: The three groups were significantly different for markers TNF-α (p<0.05), RANK (p<0.01), IL-6 e RANKL (p<0.001). Post hoc tests showed a difference between OA and B for RANK (p≤ 0.01), IL-6 and RANKL (p ≤0.001); between GS and B for IL-6 (p≤0.01). MA: Kruskal Wallis test showed a difference among groups for IL-6 (p≤0.05), RANKL and OPG (p≤0.001); post hoc tests revealed a significant difference between: OA and B for IL-6 (p≤0.01); OA and GS for RANKL and OPG (p≤0.001); GS and B for IL-6 and RANKL (p≤0.01), OPG (p≤0.001). RANKL/OPG ratio showed a tendency towards a reduced osteoclastogenesis in group B. Histomorphometry revealed a high percentage of mineralized tissue in the grafted sites; all the residual granules were surrounded by newly formed bone, consisting in regenerated bone bridges. CONCLUSION Both post-extractive groups had an increase of all analysed biomarkers in respect of the physiological remodelling pattern. In the grafted sites, IL-6 values were higher than in the spontaneous healing group; in contrast RANK, RANKL and OPG were slightly lower. The present data may suggest a slowing down in the restoration of the anatomical site, possibly due to a down regulation in the osteoclastogenesis. However, the tissue composition of the grafted alveolar socket showed a good bone regeneration in both groups. Therefore, the current biomaterial could be considered a useful tool for alveolar socket preservation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/76655
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-76655