Mastitis is the most expensive disease in dairy production. Among mastitis causative agents, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for contagious and environmental IMIs, respectively. Both S. aureus and Strep. uberis strains can acquire antimicrobial resistance and can express a multitude of factors strongly linked to the outcomes of the disease, but only few genetic lineages, characterized by specific resistance phenotypes and molecular characteristics, are responsible for the spread of infections within bovine population. The principal aims of this project were to investigate the genotypic variability, the virulence and the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus and Strep. uberis isolates collected from bovine mastitis cases. The study on S. aureus determined the phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility, the occurrence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes and other virulence genes in 93 isolates from clinical mastitis collected in different countries and previously genotyped by RS-PCR. The results revealed the low prevalence of the IEC genes and of the multidrug resistance in S. aureus, with the detection of only two MRSA strains. The occurrence of AMR genes did not always correspond with their actual expression. The studies on Strep. uberis firstly developed 2 low-cost and fast multiplex PCRs to detect simultaneously 10 housekeeping and virulence Strep. uberis genes. These molecular assays were subsequently used for a 4-month epidemiological investigation of a Strep. uberis clinical mastitis outbreak on an Italian dairy farm. We explored the genotypic (RAPD) patterns, the virulence and the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of 71 Strep. uberis isolates. The same combination of virulence-associated genes was present in all the strains analyzed and a conserved RAPD pattern was detected within the herd, confirming the genetic similarity of Strep. uberis strains and suggesting their contagious transmission. Strep. uberis strains belonging to the same genotypic cluster differed in their resistance phenotypes. Most of them were resistant to at least one of the drugs tested and 25% were not inhibited by three or more antimicrobial classes, but the majority were susceptible to β-lactams, including cephalosporins. The last aim of this thesis was to provide an overview of the pathogens involved not only in the development of bovine IMI but also in foodborne human diseases, presenting further information on their characteristics. Different identification and detection techniques were reported and could be prospectively used to analyze other mastitis causative agents than S. aureus and Strep. uberis. The relevance of this research would consist in filling the gap between the phenotypic and genetic traits of bovine mastitis pathogens and could help to set up control measures and treatment strategies based on their specific epidemiological and pathogenic properties.
Nel panorama mondiale dell’allevamento della bovina da latte, la mastite costituisce una delle principali cause di perdita economica. Tra gli agenti eziologici della mastite, Staphylococcus aureus rappresenta uno dei principali patogeni contagiosi, mentre Streptococcus uberis è riconosciuto come uno dei più comuni batteri ambientali. I ceppi di S. aureus e Strep. uberis possono sviluppare la resistenza a molteplici antimicrobici e possono esprimere diversi geni fortemente correlati alla patogenesi della mastite, ma solo pochi genotipi, caratterizzati da specifici profili di antibiotico-resistenza e da particolari caratteristiche molecolari, sono da considerarsi responsabili della diffusione e della persistenza delle infezioni intramammarie all’interno della mandria. Gli obiettivi principali di questa tesi sono stati l’analisi dei cluster genotipici, dei fattori di virulenza e di antibiotico resistenza nei ceppi di S. aureus e Strep. uberis isolati da casi di mastite bovina. Lo studio su S. aureus si è focalizzato sul determinare la suscettibilità antimicrobica, la presenza di geni di resistenza ed altri geni di virulenza in 93 isolati da campioni di latte mastitico, provenienti da diversi Paesi del mondo e precedentemente genotipizzati tramite RS-PCR. Questo lavoro ha rivelato la bassa diffusione nei ceppi di S. aureus sia dei geni IEC sia di quelli responsabili della resistenza a diversi tipi di antibiotici; in particolare, sono stati trovati solo due ceppi di MRSA. Tuttavia, è stata riscontrata una discrepanza tra i risultati genotipici relativi alla presenza dei geni di resistenza e quelli fenotipici corrispondenti alla loro effettiva espressione. Gli studi su Strep. uberis si sono concentrati sullo sviluppo di due multiplex PCR per rilevare la presenza simultanea di 10 diversi geni housekeeping e di virulenza nei ceppi di Strep. uberis. La messa a punto di questa metodica rapida ed economica ha permesso di condurre un’indagine epidemiologica della durata complessiva di quattro mesi, durante un focolaio di mastite clinica da Strep. uberis in un allevamento bovino italiano. Un totale di 71 isolati di Strep. uberis sono stati caratterizzati, determinando i loro cluster genotipici mediante RAPD – PCR, i loro pattern di geni di virulenza e i loro fenotipi di resistenza. La stessa combinazione di geni di virulenza era presente in tutti i ceppi analizzati e un profilo RAPD predominante è stato rilevato all'interno della mandria, confermando l’alta similarità dei ceppi di Strep. uberis e suggerendone la trasmissione di carattere contagioso. Tuttavia, i ceppi di Strep. uberis appartenenti allo stesso cluster genotipico hanno mostrato differenti profili di suscettibilità fenotipica. La maggior parte di essi era resistente ad almeno uno degli antibiotici testati ed il 25% non era inibito da tre o più classi antimicrobiche, ma la maggioranza era suscettibile ai β-lattamici, comprese le cefalosporine. Il fine ultimo di questa tesi è stato di fornire una panoramica generale dei patogeni coinvolti non solo nello sviluppo delle infezioni intramammarie bovine ma anche delle intossicazioni alimentari nell’uomo, presentando ulteriori informazioni sulle loro caratteristiche. I differenti metodi di identificazione descritti potrebbero rivelarsi utili all’analisi di altri agenti eziologici della mastite, e al confronto di questi ultimi con S. aureus e Strep. uberis. I risultati di questa ricerca potrebbero contribuire ad indagare ulteriormente l’associazione tra i tratti fenotipici e genetici dei microrganismi isolati dalla mastite bovina, e potrebbero aiutare a formulare strategie di controllo e di trattamento basate sulle loro specifiche proprietà epidemiologiche e patogene.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCI AND STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM BOVINE MASTITIS:GENOTYPES, VIRULENCE PROFILES AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS STRAINS AND STREPTOCOCCUS UBERIS STRAINS
MONISTERO, VALENTINA
2022
Abstract
Mastitis is the most expensive disease in dairy production. Among mastitis causative agents, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis are recognized as the major pathogens responsible for contagious and environmental IMIs, respectively. Both S. aureus and Strep. uberis strains can acquire antimicrobial resistance and can express a multitude of factors strongly linked to the outcomes of the disease, but only few genetic lineages, characterized by specific resistance phenotypes and molecular characteristics, are responsible for the spread of infections within bovine population. The principal aims of this project were to investigate the genotypic variability, the virulence and the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus and Strep. uberis isolates collected from bovine mastitis cases. The study on S. aureus determined the phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility, the occurrence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes and other virulence genes in 93 isolates from clinical mastitis collected in different countries and previously genotyped by RS-PCR. The results revealed the low prevalence of the IEC genes and of the multidrug resistance in S. aureus, with the detection of only two MRSA strains. The occurrence of AMR genes did not always correspond with their actual expression. The studies on Strep. uberis firstly developed 2 low-cost and fast multiplex PCRs to detect simultaneously 10 housekeeping and virulence Strep. uberis genes. These molecular assays were subsequently used for a 4-month epidemiological investigation of a Strep. uberis clinical mastitis outbreak on an Italian dairy farm. We explored the genotypic (RAPD) patterns, the virulence and the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of 71 Strep. uberis isolates. The same combination of virulence-associated genes was present in all the strains analyzed and a conserved RAPD pattern was detected within the herd, confirming the genetic similarity of Strep. uberis strains and suggesting their contagious transmission. Strep. uberis strains belonging to the same genotypic cluster differed in their resistance phenotypes. Most of them were resistant to at least one of the drugs tested and 25% were not inhibited by three or more antimicrobial classes, but the majority were susceptible to β-lactams, including cephalosporins. The last aim of this thesis was to provide an overview of the pathogens involved not only in the development of bovine IMI but also in foodborne human diseases, presenting further information on their characteristics. Different identification and detection techniques were reported and could be prospectively used to analyze other mastitis causative agents than S. aureus and Strep. uberis. The relevance of this research would consist in filling the gap between the phenotypic and genetic traits of bovine mastitis pathogens and could help to set up control measures and treatment strategies based on their specific epidemiological and pathogenic properties.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/79335
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-79335