Plant extracts mainly consist in complex mixtures of chemically different bioactive compounds also known as secondary metabolites. In most cases, the bioactivity of natural products is not ascribable to a single compound, but rather to a multitude of them acting in a synergistic way. In this view, the complete definition of all the phytochemical constituents represents a key point to ensure the efficacy, reliability, and safety in the use of herbal medicines. Even today, the quality and authenticity assessment of herbal raw materials is frequently impaired by the lack of validated analytical methods and by the limited availability of certified references. Techniques for the analysis of herbal extracts and nutraceuticals need to be developed and upgraded continuously since different combinations of ingredients are employed in new formulations. In view of the above, the current PhD project was focused on the development and application of innovative analytical methods for the analysis of plant bioactive secondary metabolites. Particular attention was paid to plants of pharmaceutical (Cannabis sativa L., and Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.) and nutraceutical interest (Morus alba L., Aloysia polystachya Griseb. et Moldenke). Different in-vitro assays for the bioactivity evaluation of these plants’ extracts were also the object of this PhD Thesis. In Chapter 1, the NMR technique was applied for the determination of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fiber-type Cannabis female inflorescences. The analytical method was developed and fully validated to show compliance with international requirements. This technique finds application in the monitoring of the plant material, to guarantee a better reproducibility for biological assays, and to ensure the efficacy and safety of Cannabis-derived products. As a continuation of this project, the potentialities and drawbacks of separation and non-separation methods for the analysis of cannabinoids were considered and compared. Finally, C. sativa non-psychoactive varieties were selected for the preparation of cannabinoids rich extracts to evaluate their antiproliferative activity, by using cellular models. In Chapter 2 the chemical composition of Italian mulberry was investigated, as a source of phytochemicals in the context of new therapeutic approaches for diabetes mellitus. The first aim was to assess the quality of the plant material in comparison to Far Eastern Asia cultivations, where mulberry has been considered as a medicine for the treatment of diabetes for decades. The antiglycative capacity and hypoglycaemic effect of leaf extracts were evaluated on different in vitro models, to understand the potentialities of mulberry for the therapy of hyperglycaemia. Finally, the development of novel strategies for delaying the release of mulberry active constituents and enhancing therapeutic results will be discussed and are intended as the conclusion of this research project. In Chapter 3 the chemical composition of S. campanulata was investigated by HPLC-ESI-MS2, to clarify which are the most active components responsible for the inhibition of H. pylori growth. The aim was also to disclose the mechanisms underlying the biological activity. In Chapter 4 the phenolic composition of A. polystachya was investigated by means of three different MS techniques coupled to HPLC. The analytical method was developed and validated for the identification of metabolites and some phenylpropanoids were detected in this plant for the first time.
Gli estratti ottenuti da piante medicinali sono costituiti per lo più da miscele complesse di composti attivi chimicamente differenti, anche conosciuti come metaboliti secondari. L’attività biologica dei prodotti naturali non è da attribuire a un singolo composto, ma piuttosto alla moltitudine di molecole che agiscono in sinergia tra loro. Per questa ragione la determinazione di tutti i costituenti attivi rappresenta un punto cruciale per assicurare l’efficacia, attendibilità e sicurezza nell’uso dei prodotti medicinali a base di piante. Ancora oggi, il controllo di qualità ed autenticità delle materie prime vegetali è ostacolato dalla mancanza di metodi analitici validati e dalla limitata disponibilità di standard di riferimento. I metodi di analisi per gli estratti vegetali e per i prodotti nutraceutici devono essere costantemente messi a punto ed aggiornati, dal momento che sempre nuove combinazioni di sostanze vengono impiegate in nuove formulazioni. Questo progetto di Dottorato di ricerca si è basato sullo sviluppo e successiva applicazione di metodi innovativi per l’analisi di metaboliti secondari di origine vegetale. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta all’analisi di piante di interesse farmaceutico (Cannabis sativa L., and Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.) e nutraceutico (Morus alba L., Aloysia polystachya Griseb. et Moldenke). Oggetto di questa dissertazione sono anche i diversi saggi in-vitro, messi a punto per valutare l’attività biologica degli estratti in analisi. Nel primo Capitolo, è stata applicata la spettroscopia NMR per la determinazione dei principali cannabinoidi non psicoattivi presenti nelle infiorescenze femminili di Cannabis da fibra. Il metodo analitico è stato sviluppato e validato in conformità alle linee guida internazionali. Questa tecnica trova applicazione nel monitoraggio del materiale vegetale di partenza, per garantire una migliore riproducibilità nei test biologici e per assicurare efficacia e sicurezza nell’uso di prodotti farmaceutici derivati. Come proseguimento del lavoro, metodi separativi e non separativi per l’analisi dei cannabinoidi sono stati discussi e messi a confronto per comprenderne potenzialità e svantaggi. Alcune varietà di C. Sativa sono state selezionate per la preparazione di estratti ricchi in cannabinoidi non psicoattivi, di cui è stata valutata l’attività antiproliferativa su modelli cellulari. Nel secondo Capitolo, è presentato uno studio di caratterizzazione della composizione chimica di varietà di gelso Italiane, quali fonti di principi attivi nel contesto di nuovi approcci terapeutici per il diabete mellito. Questo studio, primo nel suo genere, prevede di selezionare le cultivar più idonee alla produzione di estratti standardizzati a base di attivi ipoglicemizzanti. Le proprietà antiglicative e antidiabetiche di estratti di foglie di gelso sono state testate e diverse strategie per ritardare il rilascio dei componenti attivi sono state sviluppate al fine di potenziarne le capacità terapeutiche. Nel terzo Capitolo è stata analizzata la composizione chimica di S. campanulata, mediante HPLC-ESI-MS2. L’obiettivo principale è stato quello di individuare i composti responsabili della documentata inibizione di H. pylori e fare luce sui meccanismi alla base dell’attività biologica. Nel quarto Capitolo è stata indagata la composizione fenolica di A. polystachya, mediante tre differenti tecniche MS accoppiate all’HPLC. Il metodo di analisi è stato sviluppato e validato per l’identificazione dei principali metaboliti, e alcuni di essi sono stati identificati per la prima volta in questa pianta.
Tecniche innovative per la caratterizzazione di prodotti naturali quali fonti di composti attivi e valutazione della loro attività biologica
MARCHETTI, LUCIA
2022
Abstract
Plant extracts mainly consist in complex mixtures of chemically different bioactive compounds also known as secondary metabolites. In most cases, the bioactivity of natural products is not ascribable to a single compound, but rather to a multitude of them acting in a synergistic way. In this view, the complete definition of all the phytochemical constituents represents a key point to ensure the efficacy, reliability, and safety in the use of herbal medicines. Even today, the quality and authenticity assessment of herbal raw materials is frequently impaired by the lack of validated analytical methods and by the limited availability of certified references. Techniques for the analysis of herbal extracts and nutraceuticals need to be developed and upgraded continuously since different combinations of ingredients are employed in new formulations. In view of the above, the current PhD project was focused on the development and application of innovative analytical methods for the analysis of plant bioactive secondary metabolites. Particular attention was paid to plants of pharmaceutical (Cannabis sativa L., and Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.) and nutraceutical interest (Morus alba L., Aloysia polystachya Griseb. et Moldenke). Different in-vitro assays for the bioactivity evaluation of these plants’ extracts were also the object of this PhD Thesis. In Chapter 1, the NMR technique was applied for the determination of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fiber-type Cannabis female inflorescences. The analytical method was developed and fully validated to show compliance with international requirements. This technique finds application in the monitoring of the plant material, to guarantee a better reproducibility for biological assays, and to ensure the efficacy and safety of Cannabis-derived products. As a continuation of this project, the potentialities and drawbacks of separation and non-separation methods for the analysis of cannabinoids were considered and compared. Finally, C. sativa non-psychoactive varieties were selected for the preparation of cannabinoids rich extracts to evaluate their antiproliferative activity, by using cellular models. In Chapter 2 the chemical composition of Italian mulberry was investigated, as a source of phytochemicals in the context of new therapeutic approaches for diabetes mellitus. The first aim was to assess the quality of the plant material in comparison to Far Eastern Asia cultivations, where mulberry has been considered as a medicine for the treatment of diabetes for decades. The antiglycative capacity and hypoglycaemic effect of leaf extracts were evaluated on different in vitro models, to understand the potentialities of mulberry for the therapy of hyperglycaemia. Finally, the development of novel strategies for delaying the release of mulberry active constituents and enhancing therapeutic results will be discussed and are intended as the conclusion of this research project. In Chapter 3 the chemical composition of S. campanulata was investigated by HPLC-ESI-MS2, to clarify which are the most active components responsible for the inhibition of H. pylori growth. The aim was also to disclose the mechanisms underlying the biological activity. In Chapter 4 the phenolic composition of A. polystachya was investigated by means of three different MS techniques coupled to HPLC. The analytical method was developed and validated for the identification of metabolites and some phenylpropanoids were detected in this plant for the first time.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis Marchetti Lucia XXXIV CEM.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/79411
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-79411