This present research examines the role of the technique of balancing of interests, principles or values in the reasoning of international courts. From a technical point of view, it attempts to clarify the functions that the balancing test can fulfil in the exercise of the international judicial function, as well as the structure of the judicial reasoning based on it, provided that a common approach among different international courts can be found. From a judicial policy perspective, it aims to provide some possible explanations for the different propensity of different international courts to make use of this technique or, within the jurisprudence of the same international court, the different use of it over time or depending on the nature of the dispute, the parties and the applicable law. Finally, framing the results of the research in the broader context of the contemporary international legal order, the research aims at clarifying whether the greater or lesser use of this technique by different international tribunals may be an indication of each tribunal’s perception of its own function and, more broadly, of the role of the judicial function within the international legal order. In doing so, the research intends to contribute to the debate on the role of the judge in the international legal order. In particular, it addresses the issue of whether, in the face of the increase in the number of international courts and tribunals and the number of disputes submitted to them, the judge has become a more relevant actor in that order, where the judicial function is underdeveloped compared to domestic legal systems; in particular, the research aims to clarify whether international tribunal, by surveying and interpreting the rules aimed at resolving specific disputes, contribute to the progressive development of international law and the protection of the values on which it is based. The thesis is structured in four chapters. Chapter I, in outlining the current state of the doctrinal debate on the subject, frames the balancing technique within the structural features of the international legal system (largely grounded on the centrality of the State as a subject and State sovereignty as a fundamental principle) as a possible “problem” or “solution” to certain problems. It shows how these features, on the one hand, seem to oppose recourse to the balancing technique by international tribunals but, on the other hand, provide for a favourable framework for it to happen. Chapter II is devoted to reconstructing an “operational definition” of what is to be understood by the judicial balancing technique. This implies the need for a historical examination of how this technique has progressively consolidated in the jurisprudence of domestic courts and a theoretical analysis clarifying the prerequisites and characteristics of the technique. The aim was to identify a sufficiently general theoretical model – without taking into account, therefore, the specificities that characterise individual domestic legal systems or the various theories that have been developed – to be able to subsequently ascertain its presence in the jurisprudence of international tribunals. This analysis clarifies the structure of judicial argumentation based on balancing as well as the different functions (gap-filling, interpretative, and normative conflict resolution) that it can perform in the exercise of the judicial function. Finally, balancing, as reconstructed, is compared with other forms of legal reasoning of a non-formalistic type and which, to a greater or lesser extent, refer to general principles and values. Chapter III, of a purely empirical nature, examines the jurisprudence of international tri-courts in which recourse is made, expressly or implicitly, to the balancing technique. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a classification based on the different types of existing international courts and tribunals (permanent and ad hoc, of general jurisdiction and specialised). The structure of the work, therefore, distinguishes between inter-State tribunals (ad hoc, permanent, and with specialised jurisdiction), international criminal tribunals (ad hoc, permanent, referring to the International Criminal Court, and mixed), regional tribunals, and universal bodies, monitoring compliance with human rights treaties, and, finally, investor-State arbitration tribunals. Chapter IV identifies what, in the light of the jurisprudence examined, appear to be the reasons that affect the different propensity of the international tribunals considered to use the balancing technique as a decisional method, and what indications the greater or lesser propensity of a tribunal may give as to how the international judicial function is exercised and its role within the system. The Conclusions examine the trend identified in the present work, namely, the gradual disappearance or at least the reduced relevance of the balancing technique within the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals globally. The picture that seems to emerge is that of an increasingly restrictive approach by international courts and tribunals to the detection, interpretation and application of international law, with the recognition of greater space for States’ margin of appreciation and a more evident deference paid by international tribunals towards sovereign decisions.
La presente ricerca esamina il ruolo della tecnica del bilanciamento tra interessi, principi o valori nel ragionamento del giudice internazionale. Da un punto di vista tecnico, essa tenta di chiarire le funzioni che il bilanciamento può svolgere nell’ambito dell’esercizio della funzione giudiziaria internazionale, e quale sia la struttura dell’argomentazione giudiziaria che su essa si fondi, sempre che un approccio comune tra i diversi tribunali internazionali sia riscontrabile. Da un punto di vista di politica giudiziaria, intende fornire alcune possibili spiegazioni della diversa propensione dei diversi tribunali internazionali a fare ricorso a tale tecnica o, nella giurisprudenza di uno stesso tribunale internazionale, del diverso uso che di essa si faccia nel tempo o a seconda della natura della controversia, delle parti e del diritto applicabile. Infine, inquadrando gli esiti della ricerca nel più ampio contesto dell’ordinamento internazionale contemporaneo, il lavoro si chiede se il maggiore o minore ricorso a tale tecnica da parte dei diversi tribunali internazionali possa essere un indice della percezione che ciascuno di essi abbia della propria funzione e, più ampiamente, del ruolo della funzione giurisdizionale nell’ambito dell’ordinamento internazionale. Nel far ciò, la ricerca intende inserirsi nel dibattito relativo al ruolo del giudice nell’ordinamento internazionale. In particolare, affronta il tema del se, anche a fronte dell’incremento nel numero di tribunali internazionali e delle controversie loro devolute, il giudice sia divenuto un attore maggiormente rilevante in tale ordinamento, ove pure la funzione giudiziaria è sottosviluppata rispetto ai sistemi giuridici interni, il quale, rilevando e interpretando le regole volte alla risoluzione delle specifiche controversie, contribuisce allo sviluppo progressivo del diritto internazionale e alla protezione dei valori su cui si fonda. Il lavoro è strutturato in quattro capitoli. Il Capitolo I, nel tracciare lo stato attuale del dibattito dottrinale in materia, inquadra la tecnica del bilanciamento nell’ambito delle caratteristiche strutturali dell’ordinamento internazionale (in gran parte riconducibili alla centralità dello Stato e della sovranità statale) come possibile “problema” o “soluzione” a determinati problemi. Esso evidenzia come tali caratteristiche, da un lato, sembrano opporsi al ricorso alla tecnica del bilanciamento da parte del giudice internazionale ma, dall’altro lato, costituiscono un quadro favorevole affinché ciò avvenga. Il Capitolo II è dedicato alla ricostruzione di una “definizione operativa” di cosa debba intendersi per tecnica del bilanciamento giudiziale. Ciò implica la necessità di un esame storico, relativo a come questa tecnica si sia progressivamente consolidata nella giurisprudenza dei giudici interni, e di un’analisi teorica, che chiarisca i presupposti e le caratteristiche della tecnica. Lo scopo è stato quello di individuare un modello teorico sufficientemente generale – al netto, quindi, delle specificità che caratterizzano singoli ordinamenti interni o le diverse teorie – da poterne successivamente riscontrare la presenza nella giurisprudenza dei tribunali internazionali. Tale analisi chiarisce la struttura dell’argomentazione giudiziaria fondata sul bilanciamento così come le diverse funzioni (di gap filling, interpretativa, e di soluzione dei conflitti normativi) che essa può svolgere nell’ambito dell’esercizio della funzione giurisdizionale. Infine, il bilanciamento, così come ricostruito, è stato comparato con altre forme di ragionamento giuridico di tipo non formalistico e che, in misura maggiore o minore, rinviano a principi generali e valori. Il Capitolo III, di carattere prettamente empirico, esamina la giurisprudenza dei tribunali internazionali in cui si faccia, espressamente o implicitamente, ricorso alla tecnica del bilanciamento. L’analisi è realizzata sulla base di una classificazione fondata sulle diverse tipologie di tribunali internazionali esistenti (permanenti e ad hoc, a competenza generale e specializzati). La struttura del lavoro, quindi, distingue tra tribunali interstatali (ad hoc, permanenti, e a competenza specializzata), tribunali penali internazionali (ad hoc, permanenti, con ciò riferendosi alla Corte penale internazionale, e misti), tribunali regionali, e organi universali, di monitoraggio sul rispetto dei trattati in materia di diritti umani e, infine, tribunali arbitrali investitore-Stato. Il Capitolo IV individua quelle che, alla luce della giurisprudenza esaminata, sembrano essere le ragioni che incidono sulla diversa propensione dei tribunali internazionali presi in considerazione a ricorrere alla tecnica del bilanciamento come metodo decisionale e quali indicazioni la maggiore o minore propensione di un tribunale possa dare in merito alle modalità di esercizio della funzione giurisdizionale internazionale e al ruolo della stessa nell’ambito dell’ordinamento. Le Conclusioni esaminano la tendenza individuata nel presente lavoro, segnatamente, la progressiva scomparsa o comunque la ridotta rilevanza della tecnica del bilanciamento nell’ambito della giurisprudenza dei tribunali internazionali globalmente considerati. Il quadro che sembra emergere è quello di un approccio sempre più restrittivo da parte dei tribunali internazionali alla rilevazione, interpretazione e applicazione del diritto internazionale, con il riconoscimento di maggiori spazi di discrezionalità degli Stati e di deferenza nei confronti delle scelte sovrane degli stessi.
La tecnica del bilanciamento nella giurisprudenza dei tribunali internazionali
ACCONCIAMESSA, Lorenzo
2023
Abstract
This present research examines the role of the technique of balancing of interests, principles or values in the reasoning of international courts. From a technical point of view, it attempts to clarify the functions that the balancing test can fulfil in the exercise of the international judicial function, as well as the structure of the judicial reasoning based on it, provided that a common approach among different international courts can be found. From a judicial policy perspective, it aims to provide some possible explanations for the different propensity of different international courts to make use of this technique or, within the jurisprudence of the same international court, the different use of it over time or depending on the nature of the dispute, the parties and the applicable law. Finally, framing the results of the research in the broader context of the contemporary international legal order, the research aims at clarifying whether the greater or lesser use of this technique by different international tribunals may be an indication of each tribunal’s perception of its own function and, more broadly, of the role of the judicial function within the international legal order. In doing so, the research intends to contribute to the debate on the role of the judge in the international legal order. In particular, it addresses the issue of whether, in the face of the increase in the number of international courts and tribunals and the number of disputes submitted to them, the judge has become a more relevant actor in that order, where the judicial function is underdeveloped compared to domestic legal systems; in particular, the research aims to clarify whether international tribunal, by surveying and interpreting the rules aimed at resolving specific disputes, contribute to the progressive development of international law and the protection of the values on which it is based. The thesis is structured in four chapters. Chapter I, in outlining the current state of the doctrinal debate on the subject, frames the balancing technique within the structural features of the international legal system (largely grounded on the centrality of the State as a subject and State sovereignty as a fundamental principle) as a possible “problem” or “solution” to certain problems. It shows how these features, on the one hand, seem to oppose recourse to the balancing technique by international tribunals but, on the other hand, provide for a favourable framework for it to happen. Chapter II is devoted to reconstructing an “operational definition” of what is to be understood by the judicial balancing technique. This implies the need for a historical examination of how this technique has progressively consolidated in the jurisprudence of domestic courts and a theoretical analysis clarifying the prerequisites and characteristics of the technique. The aim was to identify a sufficiently general theoretical model – without taking into account, therefore, the specificities that characterise individual domestic legal systems or the various theories that have been developed – to be able to subsequently ascertain its presence in the jurisprudence of international tribunals. This analysis clarifies the structure of judicial argumentation based on balancing as well as the different functions (gap-filling, interpretative, and normative conflict resolution) that it can perform in the exercise of the judicial function. Finally, balancing, as reconstructed, is compared with other forms of legal reasoning of a non-formalistic type and which, to a greater or lesser extent, refer to general principles and values. Chapter III, of a purely empirical nature, examines the jurisprudence of international tri-courts in which recourse is made, expressly or implicitly, to the balancing technique. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a classification based on the different types of existing international courts and tribunals (permanent and ad hoc, of general jurisdiction and specialised). The structure of the work, therefore, distinguishes between inter-State tribunals (ad hoc, permanent, and with specialised jurisdiction), international criminal tribunals (ad hoc, permanent, referring to the International Criminal Court, and mixed), regional tribunals, and universal bodies, monitoring compliance with human rights treaties, and, finally, investor-State arbitration tribunals. Chapter IV identifies what, in the light of the jurisprudence examined, appear to be the reasons that affect the different propensity of the international tribunals considered to use the balancing technique as a decisional method, and what indications the greater or lesser propensity of a tribunal may give as to how the international judicial function is exercised and its role within the system. The Conclusions examine the trend identified in the present work, namely, the gradual disappearance or at least the reduced relevance of the balancing technique within the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals globally. The picture that seems to emerge is that of an increasingly restrictive approach by international courts and tribunals to the detection, interpretation and application of international law, with the recognition of greater space for States’ margin of appreciation and a more evident deference paid by international tribunals towards sovereign decisions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/80006
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-80006