Abiotic stresses impact barley and cereals growth and production, among them freezing temperature is one of the major limitations. especially in the climate change era Barley increases its freezing tolerance in response to low, non-harmful temperatures; a phenomenon known as cold acclimation. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTL), Frost Resistance 1 (FR-H1) and Frost Resistance 2 (FR-H2), located on the long arm of chromosome 5, play a prominent role in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance. FR-H2 encompasses a cluster of 13 different C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes, which encode transcription factors that activate effector genes. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the role of FR-H1/VRN-H1 and FR-H2/CBF genes transcription factors in the regulation of cold acclimation thus frost tolerance. To test the effects of FR-H1 and FR-H2 on cold acclimation and freezing tolerance, four reciprocals Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) were developed carrying the winter allele at each locus introgressed into the spring background, and vice versa. To the authors knowledge, this thesis was the first work using QTL-NILs genotypes to dissect the effect and the interaction of FR-H1 and FR-H2 loci to study acclimation and freezing resistance in barley. One of the aspects that this thesis investigated was phenotyping, and two freezing protocols, both in short-day conditions (8/16 h d/n) were applied in a controlled condition in a growth chamber showing that the NILs carrying Nure allele of FR-H2 introgressed in the spring/susceptible background increased the freezing survival. In addition, open field trials were assessed to evaluate the agronomical parameters and winter survival rate of QTL-NILs. The second aspect investigated, was gene expression modulation of four CBFs (HvCBF2, HvCBF4, HvCBF9 and HvCBF14) VRN-H1 and two effector genes (HvCOR14b and HvDHN5) during the control (20/15 °C), pre-hardening (10/8 °C) and hardening phases (3/1 °C). The experiments were design to dissect the effect of circadian clock and cold induction. Quantitative real time (qRT-PCR) results showed that use of these plant materials made it possible to quantify the effect of the allelic form of the two loci in the resistant and susceptible backgrounds, highlighting interesting differences observed between resistant and susceptible genotypes already under control condition. These results represent a significant step toward the understanding of the genetic basis of the cold acclimation and frost resistance mechanism in barley crop.
Gli stress abiotici influenzano la crescita e la produzione di orzo e cereali. Tra gli stess abiotici uno dei più rilevanti è lo stress da temperature di congelamento che, soprattutto in questa epoca di cambiamento climatico, impatta notevolmente sulla produzione e diffusione delle colture. L'orzo acquisisce la resistenza a temperature di congelamento dopo un periodo di esposizione a temperature fredde ma non dannose, questo fenomeno è noto come acclimatazione al freddo. Due importanti loci quantitativi (QTL), Frost Resistance 1 (FR-H1) e Frost Resistance 2 (FR-H2), situati sul braccio lungo del cromosoma 5, svolgono un ruolo importante nell'acclimatazione al freddo e nella tolleranza al gelo. FR-H2 comprende un gruppo di 13 diversi geni, i C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF), che codificano fattori di trascrizione che attivano geni effettori nei processi di acclimatamento. Lo scopo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di indagare il ruolo dei fattori di trascrizione dei geni FR-H2/CBF e FR-H1/VRN-H1 e nella regolazione dell'acclimatazione al freddo e quindi della tolleranza alle temperature di congelamento. Per testare gli effetti di FR-H1 e FR-H2 sull'acclimatazione al freddo e sulla tolleranza al gelo, sono state sviluppate quattro linee isogeniche reciproche, note anche come Near Isogenic Lines (NIL), che portavano l'allele invernale di ciascun locus intregresso nel background primaverile e viceversa. A conoscenza degli autori, questa tesi è il primo lavoro che utilizza genotipi QTL-NILs per analizzare l'effetto e l'interazione dei loci FR-H1 e FR-H2 per studiare l'acclimatazione e la resistenza a temperature di congelamento nell'orzo. Uno degli aspetti valutati in questa tesi è stata la fenotipizzazione in camera di crescita tramite l’utilizzo di due protocolli di congelamento diversi, entrambi in condizioni di giorno corto (8/16 h d/n). I risultati hanno mostrato che le linee NILs portatrici dell'allele Nure di FR-H2 introgressi nel background primaverile/suscettibile hanno aumentato la sopravvivenza al congelamento. Inoltre, sono state effettuate prove in campo aperto per valutare i parametri agronomici e il tasso di sopravvivenza invernale delle QTL-NIL. Il secondo aspetto investigato è stata la modulazione dell'espressione genica di quattro CBF (HvCBF2, HvCBF4, HvCBF9 e HvCBF14), VRN-H1 e di due geni effettori (HvCOR14b e HvDHN5) durante le fasi di controllo (20/15 °C), pre-indurimento (10/8 °C) e indurimento (3/1 °C). Gli esperimenti sono stati progettati per analizzare l'effetto del ritmo circadiano e dell'induzione del freddo. I risultati della qRT-PCR (Quantitative Real Time) hanno mostrato che l'uso di questi materiali vegetali ha permesso di quantificare l'effetto della forma allelica dei due loci nei background resistenti e suscettibili, evidenziando interessanti differenze osservate tra genotipi resistenti e suscettibili già in condizioni di controllo. Questi risultati rappresentano un passo significativo verso la comprensione delle basi genetiche del meccanismo di acclimatazione al freddo e di resistenza alle temperature di congelamento in orzo.
Analisi dell'acclimatamento al freddo e della resistenza al congelamento in orzo mediante linee isogeniche reciproche
CACCIALUPI, GIOVANNI
2024
Abstract
Abiotic stresses impact barley and cereals growth and production, among them freezing temperature is one of the major limitations. especially in the climate change era Barley increases its freezing tolerance in response to low, non-harmful temperatures; a phenomenon known as cold acclimation. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTL), Frost Resistance 1 (FR-H1) and Frost Resistance 2 (FR-H2), located on the long arm of chromosome 5, play a prominent role in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance. FR-H2 encompasses a cluster of 13 different C-repeat Binding Factor (CBF) genes, which encode transcription factors that activate effector genes. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the role of FR-H1/VRN-H1 and FR-H2/CBF genes transcription factors in the regulation of cold acclimation thus frost tolerance. To test the effects of FR-H1 and FR-H2 on cold acclimation and freezing tolerance, four reciprocals Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) were developed carrying the winter allele at each locus introgressed into the spring background, and vice versa. To the authors knowledge, this thesis was the first work using QTL-NILs genotypes to dissect the effect and the interaction of FR-H1 and FR-H2 loci to study acclimation and freezing resistance in barley. One of the aspects that this thesis investigated was phenotyping, and two freezing protocols, both in short-day conditions (8/16 h d/n) were applied in a controlled condition in a growth chamber showing that the NILs carrying Nure allele of FR-H2 introgressed in the spring/susceptible background increased the freezing survival. In addition, open field trials were assessed to evaluate the agronomical parameters and winter survival rate of QTL-NILs. The second aspect investigated, was gene expression modulation of four CBFs (HvCBF2, HvCBF4, HvCBF9 and HvCBF14) VRN-H1 and two effector genes (HvCOR14b and HvDHN5) during the control (20/15 °C), pre-hardening (10/8 °C) and hardening phases (3/1 °C). The experiments were design to dissect the effect of circadian clock and cold induction. Quantitative real time (qRT-PCR) results showed that use of these plant materials made it possible to quantify the effect of the allelic form of the two loci in the resistant and susceptible backgrounds, highlighting interesting differences observed between resistant and susceptible genotypes already under control condition. These results represent a significant step toward the understanding of the genetic basis of the cold acclimation and frost resistance mechanism in barley crop.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/80222
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-80222