Estrogen hormones, binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), influence a wide variety of cell types including those of the immune system. When estrogen production ceases, women may suffer of pathologies that are all associated with a strong and disregulated inflammatory response, such as osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation is mainly driven by macrophages that are able to sense any microenvironment signals and undergo a metabolic and phenotypic adaptations that allow them to remove the insult, repair and resolve tissue damage. Several reports have showed that 17b-estradiol regulates the inflammatory response and restoration the tissue homeostasis through a direct modulation of macrophages. Neverthless, current knowledge on E2 action in macrophages and the identity of estrogen target genes appears limitated since is based on experimental models of inflammatory condition. With the aim to identify the identity of all genes and cellular pathways that are involved in the homeostatic regulation of macrophages in response to estrogen alone, a genome wide-gene expression study of peritoneal macrophages of mice treated in vivo with E2 was performed. In particular, we first identified the most faithful macrophage model to perform such study, represented by macrophages isolated from the peritoneum of female mice treated with estrogen in vivo. Successively, we performed a gene expression analysis of the response macrophages to estrogen stimulus alone. In order to maintain physiological conditions, we treated mice with physiological concentration of 17b-estradiol (5μg/kg) in vivo for 3 or 24 hours and their peritoneal macrophages were then analyzed by gene expression. The experimental groups were chosen according to the endogenous estrogen content. We used: Groups 1-Metaestrous (ME) with lowest levels of estrogen; 2- Estrous (E), that represents the closest phase in proximity to endogenous increase of estrogen that occurs in Proestrous; 3-Metaestrous treated with a SC injection for 3h with 17β-estradiol (ME+3hE2); and 4- Metaestrous treated with a SC injection for 24h with 17β-estradiol (ME+24hE2);. Magnetic beads pre-loaded with antibodies against CD11b were used to isolated peritoneal macrophages. Successively, we obtained a list of estrogen target genes, which appear differential regulated among the four hormonal conditions analyzed. In addition, by performing bioinformatic and bibliometric analyses, we obtained indications of functional pathways regulated by estrogen in peritoneal macrophages. Results lead to the identification of possible estrogen target genes in macrophages, that can be grouped in early, late and persistently regulated genes, and can be considered as direct targets of estrogen action in macrophages. More studies on the molecular details of estrogen action in macrophages will shed more light on the biological role of these hormones in vivo and the identification of novel therapies and therapeutics targets. The knowledge of new mechanisms by which estrogen regulates the activity of macrophages will be useful to start understanding the physiologic role of this interplay, possibly expanding these information to pathologic inflammatory conditions in which estrogen is also involved, such as in endometriosis, uterine tumors, infertility and reproductive pathologies.
Gli estrogeni, legandosi ai propri recettori estrogenici (ERs), influenzano un’enorme varietà di cellule tra cui quelle del sistema immunitario. Quando la produzione di estrogeni cessa, alcune donne possono manifestare patologie come l’osteoporosi, l’aterosclerosi e le malattie neurodegenerative, tutte caratterizzate da una forte e incontrollata risposta infiammatoria. L’infiammazione è per lo più guidata dai macrofagi, che sono in grado di captare ogni segnale dal microambiente in cui risiedono e di andare in contro a modificazioni fenotipiche e metaboliche che gli permettono di rimuovere gli insulti e di riparare e risolvere il danno tissutale. Esistono diverse evidenze che dimostrano come il 17β-estradiolo sia in grado di regolare la risposta infiammatoria e di ripristinare l’omeostasi tissutale attraverso la modulazione diretta dei macrofagi. Tuttavia, attualmente la conoscenza del meccanismo di azione dell’estrogeno sui macrofagi e la precisa identità dei geni target degli estrogeni appare limitata, dal momento che gli studi a riguardo si basano su modelli sperimentali di condizioni infiammatorie. Con l’obiettivo di identificare tutti i geni e i pathways cellulari coinvolti nella regolazione dell’omeostasi del macrofago in risposta all’estrogeno senza nessun altro stimolo, è stato condotto uno studio dell’espressione genica estesa a tutto il genoma (genome wide-gene expression study) su cellule macrofagiche peritoneali isolate da topi trattati in vivo con estrogeno. Inizialmente abbiamo identificato nel macrofago isolato dal peritoneo di topi femmina trattati con estrogeno in vivo, il modello cellulare macrofagico più fedele alle condizioni fisiologiche. Successivamente abbiamo condotto l’analisi di espressione genica della risposta macrofagica all’estrogeno. Con l’obiettivo di mantenere il più possibile le condizioni fisiologiche, abbiamo trattato i topi con concentrazioni fisiologiche di 17β-estradiolo (5μg/kg) in vivo per 3 o 24 ore e sui loro macrofagi peritoneali è stata condotta l’analisi di espressione genica. I gruppi sperimentali sono stati scelti in relazione al contenuto estrogenico endogeno. In particolare, abbiamo utilizzato: Gruppo 1- femmine in Metaestro (ME), con i più bassi livelli di estrogeni nel sangue; Gruppo 2- femmine in Estro (E), che rappresenta la fase del ciclo estrale temporalmente più prossima all’incremento fisiologico di estrogeni endogeni che si verifica durante la fase di Proestro immediatmente precedente; Gruppo 3- femmine in Metaestro trattate per 3 ore con un’iniezione sottocutanea di 17β-estradiolo (ME+3hE2); Gruppo 4- femmine in Metaestro trattate per 24 ore con un’iniezione sottocutanea di 17β-estradiolo (ME+24hE2). Allo scopo di isolare i macrofagi peritoneali, sono state utilizzate biglie magnetiche pre-caricate con anticorpi contro la proteina CD11b. Successivamente, abbiamo ottenuto una lista di geni target dell’estrogeno, i quali appaiono differenzialmente regolati nelle quattro diverse condizioni ormonali analizzate. Attraverso analisi bioinformatiche e bibliometriche, abbiamo ottenuto delle indicazioni sui possibili pathways funzionali regolati dall’estrogeno nei macrofagi peritoneali. I risultati di queste analisi hanno portato all’identificazione di possibili geni target dell’estrogeno nei macrofagi, che possono essere suddivisi in geni precocemente, tardivamente e persistentemente regolati, e che possono essere considerati come target diretti dell’azione degli estrogeni nei macrofagi. Ulteriori studi sui dettagli molecolari dell’azione degli estrogeni nei macrofagi potranno far luce sul ruolo biologico di questi ormoni in vivo e potranno portare all’identificazione di nuove terapie e target terapeutici. La conoscenza di nuovi meccanismi attraverso i quali l’estrogeno regola l’attività dei macrofagi è utile per iniziare a capire il ruolo fisiologico del legame tra estrogeno e macrofagi, possibilmente espandendo queste informazioni alle condizioni patologiche infiammatorie in cui è noto il coinvolgimento dell’estrogeno, come l’endometriosi, i tumori dell’utero, l’infertilità e le patologie del tratto riproduttivo.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS FOR THE STUDY OF ESTROGEN ACTION IN INFLAMMATION
CALDERAZZI, GIORGIA
2017
Abstract
Estrogen hormones, binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), influence a wide variety of cell types including those of the immune system. When estrogen production ceases, women may suffer of pathologies that are all associated with a strong and disregulated inflammatory response, such as osteoporosis, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. Inflammation is mainly driven by macrophages that are able to sense any microenvironment signals and undergo a metabolic and phenotypic adaptations that allow them to remove the insult, repair and resolve tissue damage. Several reports have showed that 17b-estradiol regulates the inflammatory response and restoration the tissue homeostasis through a direct modulation of macrophages. Neverthless, current knowledge on E2 action in macrophages and the identity of estrogen target genes appears limitated since is based on experimental models of inflammatory condition. With the aim to identify the identity of all genes and cellular pathways that are involved in the homeostatic regulation of macrophages in response to estrogen alone, a genome wide-gene expression study of peritoneal macrophages of mice treated in vivo with E2 was performed. In particular, we first identified the most faithful macrophage model to perform such study, represented by macrophages isolated from the peritoneum of female mice treated with estrogen in vivo. Successively, we performed a gene expression analysis of the response macrophages to estrogen stimulus alone. In order to maintain physiological conditions, we treated mice with physiological concentration of 17b-estradiol (5μg/kg) in vivo for 3 or 24 hours and their peritoneal macrophages were then analyzed by gene expression. The experimental groups were chosen according to the endogenous estrogen content. We used: Groups 1-Metaestrous (ME) with lowest levels of estrogen; 2- Estrous (E), that represents the closest phase in proximity to endogenous increase of estrogen that occurs in Proestrous; 3-Metaestrous treated with a SC injection for 3h with 17β-estradiol (ME+3hE2); and 4- Metaestrous treated with a SC injection for 24h with 17β-estradiol (ME+24hE2);. Magnetic beads pre-loaded with antibodies against CD11b were used to isolated peritoneal macrophages. Successively, we obtained a list of estrogen target genes, which appear differential regulated among the four hormonal conditions analyzed. In addition, by performing bioinformatic and bibliometric analyses, we obtained indications of functional pathways regulated by estrogen in peritoneal macrophages. Results lead to the identification of possible estrogen target genes in macrophages, that can be grouped in early, late and persistently regulated genes, and can be considered as direct targets of estrogen action in macrophages. More studies on the molecular details of estrogen action in macrophages will shed more light on the biological role of these hormones in vivo and the identification of novel therapies and therapeutics targets. The knowledge of new mechanisms by which estrogen regulates the activity of macrophages will be useful to start understanding the physiologic role of this interplay, possibly expanding these information to pathologic inflammatory conditions in which estrogen is also involved, such as in endometriosis, uterine tumors, infertility and reproductive pathologies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/80249
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-80249