Hydromechanical transmission (HT) is a continuous transmission suitable for heavy machines. However, its slightly lower performance than traditional transmissions hindered its diffusion. One technique for increasing efficiency is hybridization, which, however, complicates the sizing of the transmission. The design of a hybrid HT must consider all the aspects that contribute to the good performance of the transmission: the layout, the size of the components and the management criteria. The project problem was approached as follows. 1) Preliminary analysis: A preliminary analysis on the 4 main layouts of the transmission (IC, OC, Dual Stage and Compound) in hybrid configuration in series and in parallel has shown that the latter consumes slightly less than the series configuration, which however requires fewer components. Only the OC and Compound layouts were found to be suitable for hybridization because they recover energy in each functional phase. Therefore, the OC layout in series configuration is the subject of the thesis analysis, leaving the second to future studies. 2) Experimental activity: During a period of study in the laboratories of the MAHA Center (USA), loss models of hydraulic machines were defined, essential for the simulations and, through bench measurements, a complete model of HT was validated. 3) Design methods: The methods presented in the work are three, having different characteristics and degree of complexity. 3.1) Standard procedure: once the characteristics of the vehicle and the engine are known, the procedure starts with the assumption of a transmission layout and calculates the size of the components based on their functional relationships. The accumulators are calculated based on the amount of energy they have to recover. Nothing guarantees about obtaining high performance values. 3.2) “Sub-optimal” procedure: The transmission layout is determined through an optimization procedure that treats the layout as any variable and therefore provides the component sizes, transmission ratios and layout as output variables. Accumulators are calculated separately via a volume minimization operation. 3.3) “Full optimal” procedure: A global optimization problem is defined on the layout that is pre-established which has as decision variables the sizes of the components, the transmission ratios, the volumes, and the preload pressures of the two accumulators. The objective function can be the minimum consumption or minimum consumption and minimum size simultaneously. A comparison between the three methods showed that the latter two produce fuel savings of 6-7% compared to a non-optimized solution. 4) Transmission management criteria: the HT kinematically separates the wheels from the engine, which can be managed according to the criterion of minimum consumption or minimum emissions. However, the different genesis of the four regulated emissions makes their simultaneous minimization difficult. By replacing individual emissions with the damage to human health they cause, it is possible to define a management criterion for minimum emissions parallel to that of minimum consumption. The analyzes carried out have shown that the criterion of minimum damage produces significant reductions in damage in the face of modest increases in consumption. This confirms the usefulness of the criterion, which would also help the manufacturer to overcome the increasingly stringent legal limits. As seen in this work, it can be briefly concluded that hybrid HT is an interesting solution for heavy machines, characterized by work cycles with frequent stops and restarts, provided that its design is pushed to the limit in the search for maximum efficiency, i.e., turned into an optimization problem.
La trasmissione idromeccanica (TI) è una trasmissione continua adatta alle macchine pesanti. Tuttavia, il suo rendimento leggermente più basso rispetto alle trasmissioni tradizionali ne ha ostacolato la diffusione. Una tecnica per incrementarne il rendimento è l’ibridizzazione, che tuttavia, va a complicare il dimensionamento della trasmissione. Il progetto di una TI ibrida deve tener conto di tutti gli aspetti che concorrono alle buone prestazioni della trasmissione: il layout, la taglia dei componenti e il criterio di gestione. Il problema del progetto è stato affrontato come segue. 1) Analisi preliminare: Un’analisi preliminare sui quattro layout principali della trasmissione (IC, OC, Dual Stage e Compound) in configurazione ibrida serie e parallela ha evidenziato che quest’ultima consuma leggermente meno rispetto alla configurazione serie, la quale, però, richiede un minor numero di componenti. Solo i layout OC e Compound sono risultati adatti all’ibridizzazione perché recuperano l’energia in ogni fase funzionale. Pertanto, il layout OC in configurazione serie è l’oggetto delle analisi della tesi, lasciando la seconda a futuri studi. 2) Attività sperimentale: Durante un periodo di studio presso i laboratori del MAHA Center (USA) sono stati definiti dei modelli di perdita delle macchine idrauliche, essenziali per le simulazioni e, tramite le misure al banco è stato validato un modello completo di TI. 3) Metodi di progettazione: I metodi presentati nel lavoro sono tre, aventi caratteristiche e grado di complessità diversi. 3.1) Procedura standard: note le caratteristiche del veicolo e del motore, la procedura parte dall’assunzione di un layout della trasmissione e ne calcola la taglia dei componenti sulla base delle loro relazioni funzionali. Gli accumulatori vengono calcolati in base alla quota di energia che devono recuperare. Nulla garantisce circa l’ottenimento di alti valori di rendimento. 3.2) Procedura “sub-optimal”: Il layout della trasmissione viene determinato tramite una procedura di ottimizzazione che tratta il layout come una qualsiasi variabile e che fornisce perciò come variabili in uscita le taglie dei componenti, i rapporti di trasmissione e il layout. Gli accumulatori sono calcolati separatamente tramite una operazione di minimizzazione del volume. 3.3) Procedura “full optimal”: Sul layout che viene prestabilito si definisce un problema di ottimizzazione globale che ha come variabili di decisione le taglie dei componenti, i rapporti di trasmissione, i volumi e le pressioni di precarico dei due accumulatori. La funzione obiettivo può essere il minimo consumo oppure il minimo consumo ingombro congiuntamente. Un confronto tra i tre metodi ha evidenziato che gli ultimi due producono dei risparmi di combustibile del 6-7% rispetto a una soluzione non ottimizzata. 4) Criteri di gestione della trasmissione: la TI separa cinematicamente le ruote dal motore, il quale può essere gestito secondo il criterio del minimo consumo o di minime emissioni. Tuttavia, la genesi diversa delle quattro emissioni normate rende difficile la loro contemporanea minimizzazione. Sostituendo le singole emissioni con il danno alla salute umana da esse provocato, è possibile definire un criterio di gestione di minime emissioni parallelo a quello di minimo consumo. Le analisi eseguite hanno evidenziato che il criterio del minimo danno produce sensibili riduzioni del danno a fronte di modesti incrementi di consumo. Ciò conferma l’utilità del criterio, che, inoltre, aiuterebbe il costruttore a superare i limiti di legge sempre più stringenti. Per quanto visto in questo lavoro, si può sinteticamente concludere che la TI ibrida è una interessante soluzione per macchine pesanti, caratterizzate da cicli di lavoro con frequenti arresti e ripartenze, purché la sua progettazione sia spinta al limite nella ricerca del massimo rendimento, cioè sia trasformata in un problema di ottimizzazione.
METODI DI PROGETTAZIONE PER TRASMISSIONI IDROMECCANICHE IBRIDE DI VEICOLI PESANTI
ANDRETTA, NICOLA
2022
Abstract
Hydromechanical transmission (HT) is a continuous transmission suitable for heavy machines. However, its slightly lower performance than traditional transmissions hindered its diffusion. One technique for increasing efficiency is hybridization, which, however, complicates the sizing of the transmission. The design of a hybrid HT must consider all the aspects that contribute to the good performance of the transmission: the layout, the size of the components and the management criteria. The project problem was approached as follows. 1) Preliminary analysis: A preliminary analysis on the 4 main layouts of the transmission (IC, OC, Dual Stage and Compound) in hybrid configuration in series and in parallel has shown that the latter consumes slightly less than the series configuration, which however requires fewer components. Only the OC and Compound layouts were found to be suitable for hybridization because they recover energy in each functional phase. Therefore, the OC layout in series configuration is the subject of the thesis analysis, leaving the second to future studies. 2) Experimental activity: During a period of study in the laboratories of the MAHA Center (USA), loss models of hydraulic machines were defined, essential for the simulations and, through bench measurements, a complete model of HT was validated. 3) Design methods: The methods presented in the work are three, having different characteristics and degree of complexity. 3.1) Standard procedure: once the characteristics of the vehicle and the engine are known, the procedure starts with the assumption of a transmission layout and calculates the size of the components based on their functional relationships. The accumulators are calculated based on the amount of energy they have to recover. Nothing guarantees about obtaining high performance values. 3.2) “Sub-optimal” procedure: The transmission layout is determined through an optimization procedure that treats the layout as any variable and therefore provides the component sizes, transmission ratios and layout as output variables. Accumulators are calculated separately via a volume minimization operation. 3.3) “Full optimal” procedure: A global optimization problem is defined on the layout that is pre-established which has as decision variables the sizes of the components, the transmission ratios, the volumes, and the preload pressures of the two accumulators. The objective function can be the minimum consumption or minimum consumption and minimum size simultaneously. A comparison between the three methods showed that the latter two produce fuel savings of 6-7% compared to a non-optimized solution. 4) Transmission management criteria: the HT kinematically separates the wheels from the engine, which can be managed according to the criterion of minimum consumption or minimum emissions. However, the different genesis of the four regulated emissions makes their simultaneous minimization difficult. By replacing individual emissions with the damage to human health they cause, it is possible to define a management criterion for minimum emissions parallel to that of minimum consumption. The analyzes carried out have shown that the criterion of minimum damage produces significant reductions in damage in the face of modest increases in consumption. This confirms the usefulness of the criterion, which would also help the manufacturer to overcome the increasingly stringent legal limits. As seen in this work, it can be briefly concluded that hybrid HT is an interesting solution for heavy machines, characterized by work cycles with frequent stops and restarts, provided that its design is pushed to the limit in the search for maximum efficiency, i.e., turned into an optimization problem.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
tesi_definitiva_Nicola_Andretta.pdf
accesso solo da BNCF e BNCR
Dimensione
34.48 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
34.48 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/80277
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPD-80277