Neurological complications and cognitive dysfunctions in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remain common outcomes despite CPB machines advances and introduction of new technologies. Cerebral embolic load during CABG surgery is the main hypothesis for occurrence of those events. Embolization strongly relates to patients’ characteristics and comorbidities, arterial cannulation site and tip shape of the arterial cannula. Based on cannula tip shape used during surgery, the jet stream of arterial tip cannula differently affects atherosclerotic plaques and could also damage endothelium in the area where the cannula jet hits the aortic wall. Desired features of arterial cannulas, to prevent those effects, are mainly high flow with low pressure. Dispersion cannulas were designed to achieve those features. Studies described dispersion cannulas performances in vitro and neurological and cognitive outcomes after CABG, but none compared dispersion flow arterial cannulas performances in vivo and their effects on neurological and cognitive outcomes after CABG. This project aims to evaluate performances of two dispersion flow arterial cannulas, Optiflow (Sorin Group Italia S.r.l., Italy) and EZ Glide (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, USA), in vivo and to study any neurological complications and cognitive dysfunctions after CABG surgery seeking any possible correlations with microembolic events. To do so, we designed a prospective, randomized (1:1), non-blinded, monocentric study. A cohort of 23 patients (Optiflow group N=11; EZ Glide group N=12) was enrolled. First, we analyzed cannulas performances during CABG surgery in terms of hemodynamic and perfusion and investigated possible hemolytic effect. We analyzed microembolic events recorded during surgery and possible neurological complications and cognitive dysfunctions after CABG both monitoring any cardiovascular and neurological events occurred after surgery and cognitive assessments at three-month follow-up visit. Finally, we sought for any possible correlation between cognitive outcomes assessed at three-month follow-up visit and number of microembolic events recorded during surgery. Results suggested that Optiflow cannula could guarantee a better peripheral perfusion because low cannula pressures were observed during the full procedure and even during high flow rates. This observation could imply reduced risk of possible endothelium damages in the area in which the cannula jet hits the aortic wall and reduced risk of atherosclerotic plaques dislodgement. Indeed, results showed that Optiflow cannula pressure is only influenced by changes in patients’ blood pressure, that could be adapted during surgery, and not by flow rate, whereas EZ Glide cannula performance is only influenced by changes in flow rate; hence, for EZ Glide cannula, in the attempt of reaching optimal perfusion we cannot exclude possible complications due to high cannula pressure induced by high flow rates. No differences on hemolytic effects were found. When we studied the microembolic events recorded from aortic cannulation to decannulation phase, we found no differences between the two study groups, but in general the number of events was higher during specific ‘surgical events’ such cannulation, CPB onset and aortic cross clamp removal. Despite a higher number of microembolic events recorded during those 'surgical events', none of the patients had neurological complications or cognitive dysfunctions up to three months after surgery. Psychological and neuropsychological data showed no differences between the two study groups; when the analysis focused on single patient behavior, no deficit or worsening were observed at three-month follow-up visit compared to baseline. Finally, when we tested whether neuropsychological outcomes correlated with microembolic events we found no correlation. This pilot study showed that both Optiflow and EZ Glide dispersion flow arterial cannulas have good performances and do not correlate with any neurological complications or cognitive dysfunctions after CABG surgery. Although the Optiflow cannula promises to guarantee higher performances than EZ Glide, future studies are needed to confirm our preliminary results.
Nonostante gli elevati progressi nelle macchine cuore-polmone e l'introduzione di nuove tecnologie, le complicanze neurologiche e le disfunzioni cognitive nei pazienti sottoposti a chirurgia di bypass aorto-coronarico (coronary artery bypass graft, CABG) con bypass cardiopolmonare (cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB) sono ancora molto frequenti. L’elevato carico embolico cerebrale durante gli interventi di CABG risulta essere l'ipotesi principale per la manifestazione di tali eventi. I fenomeni microembolici correlano con le caratteristiche e le comorbidità dei pazienti, con il sito di cannulazione arteriosa e con il design della punta della cannula arteriosa. In particolare, la tipologia di cannula utilizzata durante l’intervento influenza l’erogazione del flusso sanguigno che, se colpisce in modo non fisiologico la parete aortica, potrebbe immettere placche aterosclerotiche presenti sulla parete nel circolo sanguigno e danneggiare l'endotelio nella zona in cui il flusso colpisce la parete aortica. Per evitare tali effetti, la cannula arteriosa deve principalmente erogare elevata portata garantendo bassa pressione. Le cannule a dispersione di flusso sono state progettate con l’obiettivo di garantire queste condizioni. In numerosi studi in vitro sono state analizzate le caratteristiche di diverse cannule a dispersione di flusso e sono stati ampiamente riportati i deficit neurologici e cognitivi dopo interventi di CABG, ma nessuno ha studiato le prestazioni di cannule a dispersione di flusso in vivo e gli effetti sugli outcome neurologici e cognitivi dopo interventi di CABG. Questo progetto si propone di valutare le prestazioni di due cannule arteriose a dispersione di flusso, Optiflow (Sorin Group Italia S.r.l., Italia) e EZ Glide (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, USA), in vivo e di studiare eventuali complicanze neurologiche e disfunzioni cognitive dopo intervento di CABG valutando possibili correlazioni con gli eventi microembolici registrati durante l’intervento. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è stato disegnato uno studio prospettico, randomizzato (1:1), non in cieco e monocentrico. Una coorte di 23 pazienti (gruppo Optiflow N=11; gruppo EZ Glide N=12) è stata arruolata nello studio. Inizialmente, sono state valutate le prestazioni delle due cannule durante intervento di CABG in termini di emodinamica e perfusione, ed indagato possibili effetti emolitici. Sono stati successivamente analizzati gli eventi microembolici registrati durante la chirurgia e le possibili complicanze neurologiche e disfunzioni cognitive dopo CABG riportando gli eventi cardiovascolari e neurologici raccolti dopo l’intervento chirurgico e le valutazioni cognitive a tre mesi di follow-up. Infine, sono state valutate possibili correlazioni tra gli outcome cognitivi a tre mesi ed il numero di eventi microembolici registrati durante l'intervento chirurgico. I risultati hanno suggerito che la cannula Optiflow potrebbe garantire una migliore perfusione periferica in quanto sono state osservate basse pressioni della cannula anche durante elevate portate. Questa osservazione potrebbe suggerire una riduzione del rischio di possibili danni all’endotelio nella zona in cui il flusso colpisce la parete aortica e del rischio di immissione di placche aterosclerotiche nel circolo sanguigno. I risultati mostrano che la pressione della cannula Optiflow è influenzata solo da variazioni della pressione sanguigna dei pazienti, regolabile durante l'intervento chirurgico, e non dalla portata, mentre la pressione della cannula EZ Glide è influenzata solo da cambiamenti nella portata; in quest’ultimo caso, non possiamo escludere eventuali complicanze legate alle elevate pressioni della cannula generate per garantire una ottimale perfusione periferica. Nessuna differenza tra i due gruppi di studio è emersa sugli effetti emolitici. L’analisi degli eventi microembolici registrati tra la fase di cannulazione aortica e la decannulazione, non ha mostrato alcuna differenza tra i due gruppi di studio, ma il numero di eventi è risultato maggiore durante specifiche fasi chirurgiche come la cannulazione, l’inizio della CPB e la rimozione del clamp aortico. Nonostante sia stato registrato un numero di eventi microembolici elevato durante tali fasi chirurgiche, nessuno dei pazienti ha sviluppato complicanze neurologiche o disfunzioni cognitive fino a tre mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico. I dati psicologici e neuropsicologici non hanno evidenziato differenze tra i due gruppi di studio; inoltre le perfomance cognitive dei singoli pazienti, non hanno mostrato deficit o peggioramenti tre mesi dopo l'intervento chirurgico. Infine, l’analisi sulla possibile correlazione tra i dati di ciascun test neuropsicologico e gli eventi microembolici non ha mostrato alcun risultato significativo. Questo studio pilota ha evidenziato che entrambe le cannule arteriose a dispersione di flusso, Optiflow e EZ Glide, hanno ottime prestazioni e non correlano con complicanze neurologiche o disfunzioni cognitive dopo interventi di CABG. Sebbene la cannula Optiflow prometta di garantire prestazioni superiori alla cannula EZ Glide, sono necessari ulteriori studi per confermare i nostri risultati preliminari.
COMPARISON OF TWO DISPERSION ARTERIAL CANNULAS IN CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT SURGERY
GIANNICOLA, GAIA
2017
Abstract
Neurological complications and cognitive dysfunctions in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) remain common outcomes despite CPB machines advances and introduction of new technologies. Cerebral embolic load during CABG surgery is the main hypothesis for occurrence of those events. Embolization strongly relates to patients’ characteristics and comorbidities, arterial cannulation site and tip shape of the arterial cannula. Based on cannula tip shape used during surgery, the jet stream of arterial tip cannula differently affects atherosclerotic plaques and could also damage endothelium in the area where the cannula jet hits the aortic wall. Desired features of arterial cannulas, to prevent those effects, are mainly high flow with low pressure. Dispersion cannulas were designed to achieve those features. Studies described dispersion cannulas performances in vitro and neurological and cognitive outcomes after CABG, but none compared dispersion flow arterial cannulas performances in vivo and their effects on neurological and cognitive outcomes after CABG. This project aims to evaluate performances of two dispersion flow arterial cannulas, Optiflow (Sorin Group Italia S.r.l., Italy) and EZ Glide (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, USA), in vivo and to study any neurological complications and cognitive dysfunctions after CABG surgery seeking any possible correlations with microembolic events. To do so, we designed a prospective, randomized (1:1), non-blinded, monocentric study. A cohort of 23 patients (Optiflow group N=11; EZ Glide group N=12) was enrolled. First, we analyzed cannulas performances during CABG surgery in terms of hemodynamic and perfusion and investigated possible hemolytic effect. We analyzed microembolic events recorded during surgery and possible neurological complications and cognitive dysfunctions after CABG both monitoring any cardiovascular and neurological events occurred after surgery and cognitive assessments at three-month follow-up visit. Finally, we sought for any possible correlation between cognitive outcomes assessed at three-month follow-up visit and number of microembolic events recorded during surgery. Results suggested that Optiflow cannula could guarantee a better peripheral perfusion because low cannula pressures were observed during the full procedure and even during high flow rates. This observation could imply reduced risk of possible endothelium damages in the area in which the cannula jet hits the aortic wall and reduced risk of atherosclerotic plaques dislodgement. Indeed, results showed that Optiflow cannula pressure is only influenced by changes in patients’ blood pressure, that could be adapted during surgery, and not by flow rate, whereas EZ Glide cannula performance is only influenced by changes in flow rate; hence, for EZ Glide cannula, in the attempt of reaching optimal perfusion we cannot exclude possible complications due to high cannula pressure induced by high flow rates. No differences on hemolytic effects were found. When we studied the microembolic events recorded from aortic cannulation to decannulation phase, we found no differences between the two study groups, but in general the number of events was higher during specific ‘surgical events’ such cannulation, CPB onset and aortic cross clamp removal. Despite a higher number of microembolic events recorded during those 'surgical events', none of the patients had neurological complications or cognitive dysfunctions up to three months after surgery. Psychological and neuropsychological data showed no differences between the two study groups; when the analysis focused on single patient behavior, no deficit or worsening were observed at three-month follow-up visit compared to baseline. Finally, when we tested whether neuropsychological outcomes correlated with microembolic events we found no correlation. This pilot study showed that both Optiflow and EZ Glide dispersion flow arterial cannulas have good performances and do not correlate with any neurological complications or cognitive dysfunctions after CABG surgery. Although the Optiflow cannula promises to guarantee higher performances than EZ Glide, future studies are needed to confirm our preliminary results.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/81712
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-81712