Background: Despite the growing knowledge and the advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), this pathology is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Of note, environmental factors such as stress, depression, and anxiety, were recently included in the category of risk factors alongside the canonical ones since their ability to modulate the onset and progression of CVD and to influence the response to therapies. In this context, the new field of behavioral cardiology aims to reach a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of behavior-related CVDs and the development of effective interventions both to modify high-risk lifestyles and behaviors and to reduce psychosocial risk factors for patients. Among the non-pharmacological treatments, growing amount of literature shows that physical exercise (PE) takes hold as a clinical management strategy for its positive effect on both psychological pathologies and CVD. Interestingly, the family of proteins named neurotrophins was found to be involved in the patho-physiology of both cardiovascular and nervous system. Among them, the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is known to be associated to neuro-psychiatric disorders, anxiety and to higher susceptibility to stress, and recently to the individual predisposition to arterial thrombosis related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to eating disorders and obesity. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to highlight the impact of the interplay between BDNF Met allele and positive (physical exercise) and negative (chronic stress) environmental factors on the risk of arterial thrombosis. Results: Taking advantage of a knock-in mouse carrying the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism that represents a good model of the pathologies observed in human, we showed that spontaneous physical exercise is able to induce positive morphological changes and reduce the inflammatory profile of the adipose tissue in homozygous BDNF Met/Met mice. These beneficial effects might be at the bases of the observed reduction in the pro-thrombotic phenotype detected in this animal model. In addition, our in vitro data well support the role of Pro-BDNFMet in modulating adipogenesis in line with what observed in the epididymal white adipose tissue of BDNF Met/Met mice. In addition, sub-chronic stress is sufficient to unveil the pro-thrombotic phenotype in heterozygous BDNF Val/Met mice affecting the number and functionality of blood circulating cells, and the expression of key thrombotic molecules in arterial tissue. Conclusions: This study supports the important interaction between both positive and negative environmental factors and Met allele of the BDNF gene in relation to the modulation of arterial thrombosis. Human studies will be crucial to confirm this possible gene-environment interaction and to assess the necessity of taking this interaction into account to deploy better strategies of clinical management of the arterial thrombosis risk in patients carrying this polymorphism.
Background: Nonostante il progresso nella comprensione dei meccanismi cellulari e molecolari e gli avanzamenti nel campo della prevenzione e dei trattamenti delle malattie cardiovascolari, queste rimangono ancora la principale causa di mortalità e morbidità a livello mondiale. È interessante notare come fattori di rischio ambientale, quali stress, depressione e ansia, siano stati recentemente inclusi accanto ai classici fattori di rischio tradizionali data la loro capacità di modulare l’insorgere e la progressione delle malattie cardiovascolari ed influenzare la risposta alle terapie. In questo contesto si inserisce il nuovo settore della cardiologia comportamentale il cui obiettivo è quello di arrivare a comprendere e approfondire la conoscenza della patofisiologia alla base delle malattie cardiovascolari legate alla sfera comportamentale nonché sviluppare strategie di intervento efficaci al fine di modificare gli stili di vita e i comportamenti ad alto rischio, riducendone così l’impatto sui pazienti. La letteratura degli ultimi anni ha dimostrato come l’esercizio fisico risulti una valida strategia di trattamento a livello clinico risultando efficace sia per il trattamento delle patologie psicosociali che di quelle cardiovascolari. In particolare, è stato osservato come la famiglia di proteine dette neurotrofine sia coinvolta nei processi patofisiologici a carico sia del sistema nervoso che di quello cardiocircolatorio. Tra le neurotrofine, il brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ed in particolare il polimorfismo a singolo nucleotide denominato BDNFVal66Met, si sa essere associato a malattie neuropsichiatriche, ansia, maggiore suscettibilità allo stress e recentemente ad una maggior predisposizione alla trombosi arteriosa associata a infarto acuto del miocardio, nonché con disturbi del comportamento alimentare e obesità. Obiettivo dello studio: L’obiettivo del presente studio è stato quello di mettere in evidenza l’impatto che l’interazione tra la presenza dell’allele Met e fattori ambientali positivi, come l’esercizio fisico, o negativi, come lo stress cronico, può avere rispetto al rischio di sviluppare trombosi arteriosa. Risultati: Il modello murino knock-in per il polimorfismo umano BDNFVal66Met rappresenta un buon modello per lo studio delle patologie che questa mutazione genera nell’uomo. Topi omozigoti per l’allele Met (BDNFMet/Met) sono stati da noi utilizzato per mostrare come l’esercizio fisico spontaneo sia in grado di indurre cambiamenti positivi nella morfologia del tessuto adiposo e ridurre l’infiammazione locale. Questi effetti positivi potrebbero essere alla base della riduzione del fenotipo pro-trombotico osservato in questo modello murino. Inoltre, dati in vitro sostengono il ruolo del Pro-BDNFMet nella capacità di modulare l’adipogenesi in linea con quanto osservato nel tessuto adiposo epididimale dei topi BDNFMet/Met. In topi eterozigoti per l’allele Met (BDNFVal/Met), lo stress sub-cronico è risultato sufficiente per smascherare il fenotipo pro-trombotico portando all’innalzamento del numero e della funzionalità delle cellule del sangue e dell’espressione di fattori chiave per il processo trombotico a livello arterioso. Conclusioni: Questo studio dimostra un’importante interazione tra fattori ambientali positivi o negativi e l’allele Met del BDNF in relazione alla modulazione della trombosi arteriosa. Studi sull’uomo saranno necessari al fine di confermare questa interazione gene-ambiente e comprovare la possibilità di prendere in considerazione l’interazione al fine di mettere in atto migliori strategie di trattamento clinico del rischio trombotico in pazienti recanti il polimorfismo in oggetto.
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPPOSING EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE PREDISPOSITION TO ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS IN A MOUSE MODEL CARRYING THE HUMAN BDFNVAL66MET POLYMORPHISM
SANDRINI, LEONARDO
2019
Abstract
Background: Despite the growing knowledge and the advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD), this pathology is still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Of note, environmental factors such as stress, depression, and anxiety, were recently included in the category of risk factors alongside the canonical ones since their ability to modulate the onset and progression of CVD and to influence the response to therapies. In this context, the new field of behavioral cardiology aims to reach a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of behavior-related CVDs and the development of effective interventions both to modify high-risk lifestyles and behaviors and to reduce psychosocial risk factors for patients. Among the non-pharmacological treatments, growing amount of literature shows that physical exercise (PE) takes hold as a clinical management strategy for its positive effect on both psychological pathologies and CVD. Interestingly, the family of proteins named neurotrophins was found to be involved in the patho-physiology of both cardiovascular and nervous system. Among them, the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is known to be associated to neuro-psychiatric disorders, anxiety and to higher susceptibility to stress, and recently to the individual predisposition to arterial thrombosis related to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to eating disorders and obesity. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to highlight the impact of the interplay between BDNF Met allele and positive (physical exercise) and negative (chronic stress) environmental factors on the risk of arterial thrombosis. Results: Taking advantage of a knock-in mouse carrying the human BDNF Val66Met polymorphism that represents a good model of the pathologies observed in human, we showed that spontaneous physical exercise is able to induce positive morphological changes and reduce the inflammatory profile of the adipose tissue in homozygous BDNF Met/Met mice. These beneficial effects might be at the bases of the observed reduction in the pro-thrombotic phenotype detected in this animal model. In addition, our in vitro data well support the role of Pro-BDNFMet in modulating adipogenesis in line with what observed in the epididymal white adipose tissue of BDNF Met/Met mice. In addition, sub-chronic stress is sufficient to unveil the pro-thrombotic phenotype in heterozygous BDNF Val/Met mice affecting the number and functionality of blood circulating cells, and the expression of key thrombotic molecules in arterial tissue. Conclusions: This study supports the important interaction between both positive and negative environmental factors and Met allele of the BDNF gene in relation to the modulation of arterial thrombosis. Human studies will be crucial to confirm this possible gene-environment interaction and to assess the necessity of taking this interaction into account to deploy better strategies of clinical management of the arterial thrombosis risk in patients carrying this polymorphism.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/81849
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-81849