Pactum de non petendo: a critical reconstruction of the legal framework. Abstract Despite the fact that agreements by which a bad debt is declared unpayable have not yet been specifically regulated by our legal system, such a legal structure—that has always been known as pactum de non petendo—although old still plays a relevant role in contemporary economy. More specifically, the current economical context seems to make the agreement's function more relevant, both with regard to business activity and with other kind of contractual relationships. There are many applications of such an agreement as testified by the case law. The versatility of the pactum the non petendo is declined in various forms, such as, e.g., the spousal agreements at the time of separation or the agreements used to prevent an insolvency. The analysis starts from an historical reconstruction, essential to understanding the problems connected with this kind of agreement, to which the first chapter is devoted. The pactum de non petendo, for the classical Roman law, was an informal contract, with which the creditor committed not to require from the debtor, for some time or forever, the fulfillment of the performance. The Praetorian law attributed legal significance to the pactum. This agreement, in classical Roman law, was not an instrument for extinguishing contractual obligations. It had in common with the similar institution of “acceptilatio” the purpose of waiving the debt, but it was different from it, because the acceptilatio immediately extinguished the obligation, while the pactum was intended to operate on a procedural basis by means of an exceptio, which allowed the debtor to paralyze the creditor’s action. The distinction between pactum de non petendo and acceptilatio lost its significance in the following period, primarily because of the disappearance of a dualism between civil law and Praetorian law. Therefore, one of the major challenges of contemporary scholars is the identification of pactm de non petendo’s nature, made difficult by the contiguity with the remission of loan, and also by the lack of a legislative discipline of the institute. The second chapter deals with this topic, starting by examining the various doctrinal positions expressed on the subject. It starts the theory according to which the perpetual pactum de non petendo is a remission of loan. The analysis proceeds with the thesis that denies an extinctive efficacy to this agreement, i.e. the effect of extinguish the previous obligation. According to this approach, the pact would be the source of a negative obligation (not to claim fulfillment) imposed on the creditor, which is added to the original obligation to which it accedes. Other scholars, on the other hand, has denied that the pact of non-performance could be the source of a new obligation, qualifying the covenant as a mere “act of tolerance” granted to the debtor in order to allow it a belated fulfillment. Finally, the chapter examines the two most recent doctrinal positions on the subject: the first, which sees the covenant as a “reduction” of the obligations; and the second (to which it adheres) that considers it as a contract that modifies the previous contract. Chapter three examines the most important regulatory issues regarding the pactum de non petendo. A normative regulation is not given by the legislator, so it must necessarily be reconstructed by the interpreter. The first problem regards the form of this agreement, which arises in the event that it has as an object obligations that find their source in formal contracts. In addition, chapter three examines the incidence of the pactum the non petendo on the obligation, with particular reference to the problem of the application of art. 1301 c.c. Finally, the chapter considers the relationship between the pactum the non petendo and other similar legal structures, such as donation, novation, transaction, prescription. Finally, the fourth chapter addresses the application areas of the pactum de non petendo, which is manifested in the most disparate sectors. The study is based on the role of the agreement in the business crisis, and in particular in the debt restructuring agreements referred to in art. 182-bis r.d. n. 267/1942. It then proceeds with the examination of the sector of the family crisis, in relation to the spousal agreements at the time of separation. Finally, the role of the pactum de non petendo in the process is examined, dealing with the agreement called “pactum de not exsequendo”.
PACTUM DE NON PETENDO: PROFILI CRITICI E RICOSTRUTTIVI. ABSTRACT Malgrado i patti di inesigibilità del credito non abbiano ancora avuto nel nostro ordinamento una specifica regolamentazione, non può dubitarsi l’istituto, pur così storicamente datato, giochi un ruolo di centrale importanza nella realtà contemporanea. In particolare proprio la crisi epocale delle economia in cui attualmente si versa sembra destinata a rendere ancora più attuale la funzione espletata dall’istituto sia con riguardo all’attività di impresa sia con riferimento a rapporti obbligatori insorti al di fuori di tale perimetro. Svariate sono le applicazioni dell’istituto che si sono diffuse nella prassi per come è dato desumere dalla rilevanza che le stesse hanno avuto in sede giudiziaria. La versatilità del pactum spazia, a titolo meramente esemplificativo, dagli accordi coniugali in sede di separazione, al pactum de non exsequendo, o al pactum de non petendo utilizzato per prevenire una situazione di insolvenza di imprese. L’analisi prende le mosse da una ricostruzione storica, imprescindibile per la comprensione dei problemi sottesi all’istituto, cui è dedicato il capitolo primo. Il pactum de non petendo per il diritto romano classico individuava un negozio informale, con cui il creditore si impegnava nei confronti del debitore a non richiedere, mai più o per un certo tempo, l’adempimento della prestazione. Fu il diritto pretorio ad attribuire rilevanza giuridica al pactum. L’istituto del pactum de non petendo, nel diritto romano classico, non rappresentava un modo di estinzione delle obbligazioni. Esso aveva in comune con il contiguo istituto dell’accepitlatio il fine di rimettere il debito, ma se ne distingueva in quanto appunto la prima estingueva direttamente l’obbligazione, mentre il pactum era destinato ad operare sul piano processuale a mezzo di una exceptio, che consentiva al debitore di paralizzare l’azione del creditore. La contrapposizione appena evocata, fondata sulla effettiva diversità degli effetti del pactum e dell’acceptilatio, venne a perdere, nel periodo successivo, il proprio significato in ragione soprattutto del venir meno del dualismo tra diritto civile e diritto pretorio, che giustificava, sia pur su piani diversi (sostanziale e processuale) l’affiancamento dei due istituti. Una delle principali sfide della dottrina contemporanea è dunque l’individuazione della natura giuridica del patto di inesigibilità, resa ardua da un lato dalla citata contiguità con l’istituto della remissione, e dall’altro dalla mancanza di una disciplina legislativa dell’istituto. Al tema della natura giuridica del pactum de non petendo è dedicato il secondo capitolo, che esamina le varie posizioni dottrinali espresse sull’argomento, a cominciare proprio da quella che riconduce il pactum perpetuo alla remissione del debito. L’analisi procede con la tesi che nega al pactum un’efficacia estintiva del preesistente rapporto obbligatorio, attribuendogli un’efficacia meramente obbligatoria. Secondo tale impostazione, il patto sarebbe fonte di un’obbligazione negativa ( a non chiedere l’adempimento) gravante sul creditore, che si aggiunge all’obbligazione originaria cui esso accede. Altra dottrina, di contro, ha negato che il patto di inesigibilità possa costituire fonte di una nuova obbligazione, qualificando il patto come mero “atto di tolleranza” concesso al debitore per permettergli l’adempimento tardivo. Infine, si prendono in esame le due posizioni dottrinali più recenti espresse sul punto: la prima, che qualifica il patto come fattispecie riduttiva del rapporto obbligatorio; e la seconda (alla quale si aderisce) che lo considera alla stregua di negozio regolamentare, ovvero vicenda modificativa del rapporto obbligatorio. Il capitolo terzo esamina i principali problemi di disciplina relativi al pactum de non petendo, disciplina che non essendo approntata dal legislatore dev’essere necessariamente ricostruita dall’interprete. La disamina prende le mosse dal problema della forma dei patti di inesigibilità, che si pone nel caso in cui essi incidano su obbligazioni che trovano la loro fonte in negozi formali. Si procede poi con il giudizio di meritevolezza del patto, e con l’analisi dei suoi effetti, problema quest’ultimo strettamente correlato a quello della natura giuridica. Inoltre, viene esaminata l’incidenza del patto sull’obbligazione solidale, con particolare riferimento al problema dell’applicazione analogica dell’art. 1301 c.c., che disciplina l’incidenza sul rapporto solidale della remissione del debito. Infine viene trattato il rapporto del patto di inesigibilità con altri istituti con cui presenta tratti di contiguità: la donazione, la novazione, la transazione, la prescrizione. Il quarto capitolo, infine, tratta degli ambiti applicativi del pactum de non petendo, che come si è detto si manifesta nei settori più disparati. Lo studio prende le mosse dal ruolo del negozio nell’ambito della crisi d’impresa, ed in particolare negli accordi di ristrutturazione dei debiti di cui all’art. 182-bis l. fall. Procede poi con la disamina del settore della crisi coniugale, in relazione al quale si rende necessaria un’analisi del divieto di disposizione di cui all’art. 160 c.c. Infine, viene esaminato il ruolo del pactum de non petendo nel processo, trattando di una delle sue manifestazioni: il pactum de non exsequendo.
PACTUM DE NON PETNDO: PROFILI CRITICI E RICOSTRUTTIVI
FARINA, ANGELO
2018
Abstract
Pactum de non petendo: a critical reconstruction of the legal framework. Abstract Despite the fact that agreements by which a bad debt is declared unpayable have not yet been specifically regulated by our legal system, such a legal structure—that has always been known as pactum de non petendo—although old still plays a relevant role in contemporary economy. More specifically, the current economical context seems to make the agreement's function more relevant, both with regard to business activity and with other kind of contractual relationships. There are many applications of such an agreement as testified by the case law. The versatility of the pactum the non petendo is declined in various forms, such as, e.g., the spousal agreements at the time of separation or the agreements used to prevent an insolvency. The analysis starts from an historical reconstruction, essential to understanding the problems connected with this kind of agreement, to which the first chapter is devoted. The pactum de non petendo, for the classical Roman law, was an informal contract, with which the creditor committed not to require from the debtor, for some time or forever, the fulfillment of the performance. The Praetorian law attributed legal significance to the pactum. This agreement, in classical Roman law, was not an instrument for extinguishing contractual obligations. It had in common with the similar institution of “acceptilatio” the purpose of waiving the debt, but it was different from it, because the acceptilatio immediately extinguished the obligation, while the pactum was intended to operate on a procedural basis by means of an exceptio, which allowed the debtor to paralyze the creditor’s action. The distinction between pactum de non petendo and acceptilatio lost its significance in the following period, primarily because of the disappearance of a dualism between civil law and Praetorian law. Therefore, one of the major challenges of contemporary scholars is the identification of pactm de non petendo’s nature, made difficult by the contiguity with the remission of loan, and also by the lack of a legislative discipline of the institute. The second chapter deals with this topic, starting by examining the various doctrinal positions expressed on the subject. It starts the theory according to which the perpetual pactum de non petendo is a remission of loan. The analysis proceeds with the thesis that denies an extinctive efficacy to this agreement, i.e. the effect of extinguish the previous obligation. According to this approach, the pact would be the source of a negative obligation (not to claim fulfillment) imposed on the creditor, which is added to the original obligation to which it accedes. Other scholars, on the other hand, has denied that the pact of non-performance could be the source of a new obligation, qualifying the covenant as a mere “act of tolerance” granted to the debtor in order to allow it a belated fulfillment. Finally, the chapter examines the two most recent doctrinal positions on the subject: the first, which sees the covenant as a “reduction” of the obligations; and the second (to which it adheres) that considers it as a contract that modifies the previous contract. Chapter three examines the most important regulatory issues regarding the pactum de non petendo. A normative regulation is not given by the legislator, so it must necessarily be reconstructed by the interpreter. The first problem regards the form of this agreement, which arises in the event that it has as an object obligations that find their source in formal contracts. In addition, chapter three examines the incidence of the pactum the non petendo on the obligation, with particular reference to the problem of the application of art. 1301 c.c. Finally, the chapter considers the relationship between the pactum the non petendo and other similar legal structures, such as donation, novation, transaction, prescription. Finally, the fourth chapter addresses the application areas of the pactum de non petendo, which is manifested in the most disparate sectors. The study is based on the role of the agreement in the business crisis, and in particular in the debt restructuring agreements referred to in art. 182-bis r.d. n. 267/1942. It then proceeds with the examination of the sector of the family crisis, in relation to the spousal agreements at the time of separation. Finally, the role of the pactum de non petendo in the process is examined, dealing with the agreement called “pactum de not exsequendo”.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/83326
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-83326