Historically, the topic of individual actions directly deriving from and closely linked with insolvency proceedings (hereinafter referred to as “Annex Actions”) has been addressed in the European scenario with reference to the scope ratione materiae of the Brussels Convention dated 1968 on the jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the “Brussels Convention”). In the absence (at that time) of Community rules on cross-border insolvencies, in the Gourdain judgment the ECJ interpreted the notion of Annex Actions under the prism of the exception relating to “bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings”, set forth by Article 1(2)(2) Brussels Convention. It was on that occasion that the Court held that actions which are related to insolvency proceedings are excluded from the scope of the Brussels Convention (now the Brussels 1a Regulation), with the proviso that they derive directly from insolvency proceedings and are closely linked with them (thus coining what has been called, over the years, the “Gourdain Formula”). The interpretative uncertainties arising from such an ambiguous wording - at the time referring only to the scope of application of the Brussels Convention - were not removed (and possibly were even exacerbated) by the introduction of the European regime on insolvency proceedings. Indeed, the Regulation (EC) 1346/2000 (the “Insolvency Regulation”), on the one hand, revealed a serious regulatory gap, since it did not provide for a rule on the jurisdiction of Annex Actions and, on the other hand, even where it mentioned them (for purposes other than jurisdiction), it laconically restated the Gourdain Formula, with no further clarifications. The nebulous legislative framework described above has been partly clarified by Regulation (EU) 2015/848 (the “Recast Regulation”), which has remedied the aforementioned omission, expressly providing for the (halved) European vis attractiva concursus. According to that principle, the courts of the Member State in the territory of which insolvency proceedings are opened, are vested with the jurisdiction to hear and determine Annex Actions. The impact of the reform over the “dynamic” profile of the vis attractiva concursus must be positively assessed since it has dispelled many of the doubts concerning the allocation of jurisdiction on Annex Actions. Yet, the problem of the autonomous definition of Annex Actions remains partially unsolved, because also under the Recast Regulation, the contours of that concept continue to be defined by the vague Gourdain Formula. Only partial indications can be drawn from Recital 35 Recast Regulation and, above all, from the extensive case-law of the ECJ. The latter, however, allows only to some extent to draw a systematic notion of Annex Actions, as it substantially reveals a wavering orientation, which does not permit to trace (yet) a general criterion, certain and shared on this point. It is suggested that, for the purposes of the European legislation, Annex Actions are those actions underpinning a right or obligation which stems from the opening of insolvency proceedings, whose DNA, we might say, is ontologically linked to insolvency proceedings. They would count a very small number of actions such as (predictably) avoidance actions, liability actions against the trustee and other bodies of the procedure, and actions arising from the termination of contracts exercised by the trustee by virtue of the express powers conferred upon him by insolvency law. On the contrary, all other actions in respect of which the procedure is a neutral (legal) event should not be characterised as Annex Actions (e.g. actions that have only an occasional link with insolvency proceedings and those that existed in the legal sphere of the insolvent debtor prior to the opening of the procedure). However, considerable doubts remain with respect to the characterisation of some actions, which can be placed in an uncertain twilight-zone at the crossline between civil, commercial law and bankruptcy law. Although the legal foundation of those action exists even before insolvency proceedings, they prove to be affected by the opening of the procedure to such an extent that they may be considered as different actions. In the wake of these preliminary observations, the thesis aims to specifically analyse the topic of Annex Actions under the European regime of cross-border insolvencies. Not only it investigates the procedural aspects of the issue (in particular, the jurisdiction), but it also assesses whether it is possible to draw an autonomous notion of Annex Action and elaborate a catalogue of actions, which, despite the differences inherent in each national system, reveal a jus commune europaeum that allows to trace them back under the umbrella of the Recast Regulation.
La questione delle azioni individuali che derivano direttamente dal fallimento e ad esso ineriscono (nel seguito, c.d. “azioni ancillari”) nel contesto europeo è stata storicamente affrontata con riferimento all’ambito di applicazione della Convenzione di Bruxelles del 1968 sulla competenza giurisdizionale, il riconoscimento e l’esecuzione delle decisioni in materia civile e commerciale (la “Convenzione di Bruxelles”). In mancanza (all’epoca) di una disciplina comunitaria sull’insolvenza transfrontaliera, con la nota sentenza Gourdain, la CGE ha interpretato la nozione di azione ancillare sotto il prisma dell’esclusione relativa a “i fallimenti, i concordati e le procedure affini”, prevista dall’articolo 1(2)(2) della Convenzione di Bruxelles. È stato in quell’occasione che la Corte ha ritenuto che le azioni in qualche modo riferibili al fallimento sono escluse dal campo di applicazione della Convenzione di Bruxelles (oggi Regolamento Bruxelles Ibis) a condizione che esse derivino direttamente dal fallimento e si inseriscano stretta¬mente nell'ambito del procedimento concorsuale (così coniando quella che, negli anni, è stata definita la “Formula Gourdain”). Le incertezze interpretative derivanti da una formulazione così ambigua, allora riferita al solo ambito di applicazione della Convenzione di Bruxelles, non venivano rimosse (e, anzi, forse erano acuite) dall’introduzione di una specifica disciplina relativa alle procedure di insolvenza. Ed infatti, il successivo Regolamento (CE) 1346/2000 (il “Regolamento Insolvenza”), da un lato conteneva una grave lacuna normativa, poiché nulla diceva in tema di giurisdizione sulle azioni ancillari e, dall’altro lato, anche laddove le menzionava (per fini diversi dalla giurisdizione), si limitava a riprodurre la Formula Gourdain. Il nebuloso quadro normativo appena descritto è stato in parte chiarito dal Regolamento (UE) 2015/848 (il “Regolamento Recast”), che ha provveduto a rimediare alla predetta omissione, prevedendo espressamente la vis attractiva (dimezzata) europea, ai sensi della quale la competenza giurisdizionale sulle azioni ancillari spetta ai giudici dello Stato membro in cui è aperta la procedura. Se è stato così chiarito l’aspetto “dinamico”, relativo alla giurisdizione, resta, invece, parzialmente immutato il problema di una definizione autonoma di azione ancillare, i cui confini, anche nel Regolamento Recast, continuano ad essere delineati dalla Formula Gourdain. Indicazioni solo parziali possono trarsi dal Considerando 35 Regolamento Recast e, soprattutto, dalle pronunce della CGE, che pur consentendo, in parte, di avanzare una più definita sistematizzazione della nozione di azioni ancillari, rivelano sostanzialmente un orientamento ondivago, che non consente di rintracciare (ancora) un criterio generale, certo e condiviso sul punto. Si può allora ipotizzare che, ai fini della normativa europea, ancillari siano quelle azioni che sottendono una pretesa che sorge ex novo dal fallimento, il cui DNA, potremmo dire, è ontologicamente legato all’insolvenza. Si tratta di un numero assai ridotto di azioni quali (prevedibilmente) la revocatoria; le azioni di responsabilità nei confronti di organi della procedura, e le azioni che derivano dallo scioglimento dei contratti esercitato dal curatore per un’espressa previsione della legge concorsuale. Per contro, non sarebbero ancillari tutte le altre azioni rispetto a cui il fallimento si pone quale evento neutro (es. quelle che presentano con il fallimento un legame solo occasionale e quelle che preesistevano nel patrimonio del fallito). Permangono, tuttavia, notevoli dubbi rispetto a quelle azioni, collocabili in un’incerta twilght-zone, al confine tra il diritto civile, commerciale e il diritto fallimentare che, preesistenti al fallimento, sono in qualche misura influenzate dall’apertura di una procedura concorsuale. Nel solco di queste preliminari osservazioni, la tesi si ripropone di analizzare specificatamente il tema delle azioni ancillari nella disciplina europea, non solo indagandone gli aspetti processuali (in particolare, della giurisdizione), ma valutando anche una possibile individuazione di una nozione autonoma di azione ancillare e l’elaborazione di un catalogo di azioni che, pur nelle differenze proprie di ogni ordinamento nazionale, rivelino uno jus commune europaeum che consenta di inquadrarle nell’ambito di applicazione del Regolamento Recast.
ACTIONS DERIVING DIRECTLY FROM INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS AND CLOSELY LINKED WITH THEM UNDER REGULATION EU 848/2015 ON INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS
LUNETTI, CHIARA TERESA MARIA
2020
Abstract
Historically, the topic of individual actions directly deriving from and closely linked with insolvency proceedings (hereinafter referred to as “Annex Actions”) has been addressed in the European scenario with reference to the scope ratione materiae of the Brussels Convention dated 1968 on the jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the “Brussels Convention”). In the absence (at that time) of Community rules on cross-border insolvencies, in the Gourdain judgment the ECJ interpreted the notion of Annex Actions under the prism of the exception relating to “bankruptcy, proceedings relating to the winding-up of insolvent companies or other legal persons, judicial arrangements, compositions and analogous proceedings”, set forth by Article 1(2)(2) Brussels Convention. It was on that occasion that the Court held that actions which are related to insolvency proceedings are excluded from the scope of the Brussels Convention (now the Brussels 1a Regulation), with the proviso that they derive directly from insolvency proceedings and are closely linked with them (thus coining what has been called, over the years, the “Gourdain Formula”). The interpretative uncertainties arising from such an ambiguous wording - at the time referring only to the scope of application of the Brussels Convention - were not removed (and possibly were even exacerbated) by the introduction of the European regime on insolvency proceedings. Indeed, the Regulation (EC) 1346/2000 (the “Insolvency Regulation”), on the one hand, revealed a serious regulatory gap, since it did not provide for a rule on the jurisdiction of Annex Actions and, on the other hand, even where it mentioned them (for purposes other than jurisdiction), it laconically restated the Gourdain Formula, with no further clarifications. The nebulous legislative framework described above has been partly clarified by Regulation (EU) 2015/848 (the “Recast Regulation”), which has remedied the aforementioned omission, expressly providing for the (halved) European vis attractiva concursus. According to that principle, the courts of the Member State in the territory of which insolvency proceedings are opened, are vested with the jurisdiction to hear and determine Annex Actions. The impact of the reform over the “dynamic” profile of the vis attractiva concursus must be positively assessed since it has dispelled many of the doubts concerning the allocation of jurisdiction on Annex Actions. Yet, the problem of the autonomous definition of Annex Actions remains partially unsolved, because also under the Recast Regulation, the contours of that concept continue to be defined by the vague Gourdain Formula. Only partial indications can be drawn from Recital 35 Recast Regulation and, above all, from the extensive case-law of the ECJ. The latter, however, allows only to some extent to draw a systematic notion of Annex Actions, as it substantially reveals a wavering orientation, which does not permit to trace (yet) a general criterion, certain and shared on this point. It is suggested that, for the purposes of the European legislation, Annex Actions are those actions underpinning a right or obligation which stems from the opening of insolvency proceedings, whose DNA, we might say, is ontologically linked to insolvency proceedings. They would count a very small number of actions such as (predictably) avoidance actions, liability actions against the trustee and other bodies of the procedure, and actions arising from the termination of contracts exercised by the trustee by virtue of the express powers conferred upon him by insolvency law. On the contrary, all other actions in respect of which the procedure is a neutral (legal) event should not be characterised as Annex Actions (e.g. actions that have only an occasional link with insolvency proceedings and those that existed in the legal sphere of the insolvent debtor prior to the opening of the procedure). However, considerable doubts remain with respect to the characterisation of some actions, which can be placed in an uncertain twilight-zone at the crossline between civil, commercial law and bankruptcy law. Although the legal foundation of those action exists even before insolvency proceedings, they prove to be affected by the opening of the procedure to such an extent that they may be considered as different actions. In the wake of these preliminary observations, the thesis aims to specifically analyse the topic of Annex Actions under the European regime of cross-border insolvencies. Not only it investigates the procedural aspects of the issue (in particular, the jurisdiction), but it also assesses whether it is possible to draw an autonomous notion of Annex Action and elaborate a catalogue of actions, which, despite the differences inherent in each national system, reveal a jus commune europaeum that allows to trace them back under the umbrella of the Recast Regulation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/83692
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-83692