This dissertation's topic took my interest because of the 2020 pandemic crisis, but the pro-blem of contractual contingencies is much more complex. This problem isn’t new to italian civil law scholars. It has been discussed since the 1990s whether more effective remedies for the management of contingencies should be found than the "ordinary" ones provided for in Articles 1463 ff. and 1467 Civil Code. These rules, ex-cept for the hypothesis of partial impossibility (Art. 1464 Civil Code), react to the problem of contractual contingency through remedies whose effect is the dissolution of the contractual relationship. But there is a need for such rules to be flanked by solutions providing for the modification of the relationship, which would remain in force. This dissertation will deal only with hardship To delimit the scope of the research, Chapter I will identify and define the concepts that are fundamental. We will analyze the two principles that are relevant in the area under investigation, name-ly the prin-ciple of contract binding and the principle rebus sic stantibus. We will define contingencies will be defined: they will be found to be disruptive events that affect the original balance between the performances. They alter it to an extent that ex-ceeds the limit, which differs from contract to contract, constituted by the "normal risk". We will define the contractual category subject to the problem. These are durational con-tracts, which are characterized by a temporal distance between the conclusion of the contract and its execution. Finally, we will analyze quantitative contingencies, particularly to the legislature's choices regarding their typification. Chapter II will acknowledge how the legislature regulates hardship. There is the general remedy of a demolitory type (the termination for hardship referred to in Article 1467 of the Civil Code), but there are many "special" rules providing maintenance remedies for special contracts too. Comparison with different, but related, legal systems of the Italian legal system will be ve-ry important. Finally, Chapter III will outline the interpretive solutions that the doctrine has been propo-sing for nearly three decades now. These theories have not received the favor of the jurispru-dence. These are theories aimed at identifying conservative remedies that have the potential to find widespread application. The result of the research is that the legal system under consideration is particularly confu-sing, heterogeneous, and problematic. On one hand, as noted above, ordinary remedies are ineffective in adequately handling contingencies. On the other hand, doctrinal interpretive proposals have critical profiles that, perhaps, ha-ve contributed to their lack of acceptance by the dominant jurisprudence. The idea, and the hope, is that the legislature should intervene on the issue, through a sy-stematic reform of the Civil Code. In this latter respect, however, there is little cause for op-timism. The Italian legislature, on the subject. has remained essentially inert, despite the fact that some historical events (the economic/financial crisis of 2008, the pandemic) have occur-red in recent years, which could have incentivized regulatory interventions. But beyond these considerations, the scholar's task must be to derive a "system" from the regulations actually in place. The hope is that the present work has nevertheless succeeded in this endeavor.
La presente ricerca ha preso le mosse dalla crisi pandemica del 2020, ma se ne è subito di-scostata, a seguito di uno studio che ha riscontrato che il problema delle sopravvenienze con-trattuali risulta essere molto più complesso. Del resto, si tratta di un problema che non è nuovo agli studiosi di diritto civile. È dagli anni ’90 che si discute sull’opportunità di individuare rimedi per la gestione delle sopravve-nienze più efficaci rispetto a quelli “ordinari”, previsti dagli artt. 1463 c.c. e ss. e 1467 c.c.. Tali norme, eccezion fatta per l’ipotesi dell’impossibilità parziale (art. 1464 c.c.), reagiscono al problema della sopravvenienza contrattuale attraverso dei rimedi il cui effetto è lo sciogli-mento del rapporto contrattuale. Ma si avverte l’esigenza di affiancare a tali norme delle so-luzioni che prevedano la modifica del rapporto, che in tal senso rimarrebbe in vigore. Tanto premesso, il presente lavoro si occuperà delle sole sopravvenienze quantitative. Per delimitare l’ambito di indagine, nel Capitolo I saranno individuati e definiti i concetti che sono fondamentali in una ricerca di tal tipo. Saranno analizzati i due principi che assumono rilievo nell’ambito in esame, ossia il prin-cipio della vincolatività del contratto e il principio rebus sic stantibus. Verranno definite le sopravvenienze: si riscontrerà che essi sono eventi perturbativi che incidono sull’originario equilibrio tra le prestazioni, alterandolo in misura superiore al limite, differente da contratto a contratto, costituito dall’ “alea normale”. Sarà delineata la categoria contrattuale soggetta al problema: si tratta dei contratti di dura-ta, caratterizzati da una distanza temporale tra la stipulazione del contratto e la sua esecuzio-ne. Infine, verranno analizzate le sopravvenienze quantitative, con particolare attenzione alle scelte del legislatore in ordine alla loro tipizzazione. Nel Capitolo II si darà atto di come il legislatore disciplini le sopravvenienze quantitative. Si riscontrerà che al rimedio generale di tipo demolitorio (la risoluzione per eccessiva onero-sità sopravvenuta di cui all’art. 1467 c.c.) si affiancano numerose norme “speciali” che ope-rano nei confronti di singoli contratti prevedendo dei rimedi manutentivi. Il confronto con sistemi giuridici diversi, ma affini, all’ordinamento italiano assumerà un rilievo dirimente. Infine, nel Capitolo III saranno tratteggiate le soluzioni interpretative che la dottrina pro-pone ormai da quasi trent’anni, ma che non hanno ricevuto il favore della giurisprudenza dominante. Si tratta di teorie finalizzate ad individuare dei rimedi conservativi potenzialmente suscettibili di trovare un’applicazione generalizzata. Il risultato della ricerca è che il panorama giuridico in esame è particolarmente confuso, eterogeneo, problematico. Da un lato, come si è già sottolineato, i rimedi ordinari risultano poco efficaci a gestire in maniera adeguata le sopravvenienze. Dall’altro lato, le proposte interpretative dottrinali presentano profili critici che, forse, han-no contribuito alla loro mancata accettazione da parte della giurisprudenza dominante. La percezione, e l’auspicio, è che sul tema dovrebbe intervenire il legislatore, attraverso una riforma sistematica del Codice civile. Sotto quest’ultimo profilo, però non c’è da essere molto ottimisti. Il legislatore italiano, sul tema. è rimasto sostanzialmente inerte, nonostante si siano verificati, negli ultimi anni, alcuni eventi storici (la crisi economico/finanziaria del 2008, la pandemia), che avrebbero potuto incentivare interventi normativi di questo tipo. Ma al di là di queste considerazioni il compito dello studioso deve essere quello di trarre un “sistema” dalle norme effettivamente in vigore. La speranza è che il presente lavoro sia comunque riuscito in questo intento.
GESTIONE DELLE SOPRAVVENIENZE QUANTITATIVE E MANUTENZIONE DEL CONTRATTO
MICCOLIS, GIOVANNI
2024
Abstract
This dissertation's topic took my interest because of the 2020 pandemic crisis, but the pro-blem of contractual contingencies is much more complex. This problem isn’t new to italian civil law scholars. It has been discussed since the 1990s whether more effective remedies for the management of contingencies should be found than the "ordinary" ones provided for in Articles 1463 ff. and 1467 Civil Code. These rules, ex-cept for the hypothesis of partial impossibility (Art. 1464 Civil Code), react to the problem of contractual contingency through remedies whose effect is the dissolution of the contractual relationship. But there is a need for such rules to be flanked by solutions providing for the modification of the relationship, which would remain in force. This dissertation will deal only with hardship To delimit the scope of the research, Chapter I will identify and define the concepts that are fundamental. We will analyze the two principles that are relevant in the area under investigation, name-ly the prin-ciple of contract binding and the principle rebus sic stantibus. We will define contingencies will be defined: they will be found to be disruptive events that affect the original balance between the performances. They alter it to an extent that ex-ceeds the limit, which differs from contract to contract, constituted by the "normal risk". We will define the contractual category subject to the problem. These are durational con-tracts, which are characterized by a temporal distance between the conclusion of the contract and its execution. Finally, we will analyze quantitative contingencies, particularly to the legislature's choices regarding their typification. Chapter II will acknowledge how the legislature regulates hardship. There is the general remedy of a demolitory type (the termination for hardship referred to in Article 1467 of the Civil Code), but there are many "special" rules providing maintenance remedies for special contracts too. Comparison with different, but related, legal systems of the Italian legal system will be ve-ry important. Finally, Chapter III will outline the interpretive solutions that the doctrine has been propo-sing for nearly three decades now. These theories have not received the favor of the jurispru-dence. These are theories aimed at identifying conservative remedies that have the potential to find widespread application. The result of the research is that the legal system under consideration is particularly confu-sing, heterogeneous, and problematic. On one hand, as noted above, ordinary remedies are ineffective in adequately handling contingencies. On the other hand, doctrinal interpretive proposals have critical profiles that, perhaps, ha-ve contributed to their lack of acceptance by the dominant jurisprudence. The idea, and the hope, is that the legislature should intervene on the issue, through a sy-stematic reform of the Civil Code. In this latter respect, however, there is little cause for op-timism. The Italian legislature, on the subject. has remained essentially inert, despite the fact that some historical events (the economic/financial crisis of 2008, the pandemic) have occur-red in recent years, which could have incentivized regulatory interventions. But beyond these considerations, the scholar's task must be to derive a "system" from the regulations actually in place. The hope is that the present work has nevertheless succeeded in this endeavor.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/85260
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-85260