The thesis aims to address the way in which historical novels written in the 2000s stage the relationship between individual stories and collective destinies. The work is divided into three parts, the first two are concerned with theory and the third is dedicated to the analysis of three novels. The first part addresses the issue of Memory Studies and traces the steps that lead to the definition of this field of study. I choose to tackle this issue because of the paramount relevance accorded to memory in the construction of identity, both individual and collective. Maurice Halbwachs’ work on collective memory, L’Histoire Collective (1925), marks the beginning for the development of the studies that lead to the so-called memory boom in the ‘80s. The second part of the thesis deals with literature and analyzes some of the most prominent aspects of the contemporary historical novel as a genre. The first half of the examination opens remarking how authors of historical novels seem to focus their attention on how individuals interact with collective groups. Remarkably, most historical novels seem to deal with narratives related to microhistory (Carlo Ginzburg, 1976) and counterhistory. . In order to outline the status of the link between individual stories and collective destinies I discuss the essay I Destini Generali (2015) by Guido Mazzoni. The second half of the chapter is devoted to draw a brief genealogy of the historical novel genre in its most recent years. Linda Hucheon’s Historiographic Metafiction (1988) and Amy Elias’ Metahistorical Romance are shortly discussed, along with Stephen Greenblatt’s New Historicism (Greenblatt, Cathrine Gallagher, Practicing New Historicism, 2000), a school born out of Hayden White’s Metahistory (1973). From Greenblatt’s interpretation of the work of Clifford Geertz (The Interpretation of Culture, 1973) many authors have derived a vision of historical fiction as a means of “communication with the dead”, a sort of necromancy which seem to imbue many of the narratives that are concerned with history in the last twenty years, aimed at reinstating a connection between the present and the past. The authors employ archive documents and family album photos to support their narratives, therefore raising the issue of the distinction between fact and fiction and between factual and fictional narratives. The contemporary historical novel seems to be marking a sharp turn toward factual or nonfictional narratives, thus creating space for hybrid forms like docu-drama, metafiction and fact-fiction where the two dimensions fruitfully interact with each other. One of the most prominent features in the genre is the modulation of the narrator’s voice. To address this issue directly I chose to consider two novels namely Jonathan Littell’s Les Bienveillantes (2006) and Filippo Tuena’s Le Variazioni Reinach (2005/2015). Another issue which I put under scrutigny is the relationship between family novel and historical novel. Both genres appear to be in a renaissance phase, gaining praise from audience and literary critics alike. Also, both genres deal with the problem of how to relate with the past; finally, both imply the use of similar stylistic features such as autofiction or characters tracing down long-lost relatives using archive information. The last part of the work focuses on the analysis of three novels, namely El Monarca de las Sombras by Javier Cercas (2017), Le rondini di Montecassino by Helena Janeczek (2010) and 4321 by Paul Auster (2017) and highlights how the authors have put in place narrative strategies designed to create a link between history and the present by connecting individual stories and collective destinies. In my work historical novel as a genre is shown as moving toward a more engaged relationship with the public sphere by helping raise moral questions that compel the reader to reflect on her possibility to act in the real world.
La tesi si propone di affrontare il modo in cui il romanzo storico degli anni Zero rappresenta il rapporto fra il singolo individuo e la collettività. Il lavoro è suddiviso in tre parti, le prime due di natura teorica e la terza dedicata all’analisi puntuale di tre romanzi. La prima parte è dedicata al tema dei Memory Studies e ripercorre i passi che hanno portato alla definizione di questo campo di studi. La scelta di approfondire questo tema nasce dalla valutazione dell’importanza della memoria nella formazione identitaria, tanto dei singoli quanto delle comunità. Partendo dal fondamentale lavoro di Maurice Halbwachs sulla memoria collettiva (1927), la tesi segue gli sviluppi della teoria che hanno portato, negli anni ’80 del Novecento, al cosiddetto memory boom. La seconda parte è dedicata all’analisi di alcune delle caratteristiche principali del romanzo storico del Terzo Millennio. Nel contesto della critica letteraria e della narrativa degli anni Zero si osserva la tendenza degli autori a prediligere storie che affrontano le possibili declinazioni del rapporto fra singolo e società con narrazioni inscrivibili nell’alveo della microstoria (Carlo Ginzburg, 1976) e della controstoria, intesa qui come prospettiva controegemonica che si oppone al discorso ufficiale. La volontà di recuperare la componente politica del genere storico emerge attraverso la ri-discussione e la ri-problematizzazione del rapporto con il passato, soprattutto quello traumatico del Novecento. Lo stato attuale di questa relazione fra la Storia e l’Oggi, e fra singolo e collettività, è discusso attraverso una riflessione generata dal saggio di Guido Mazzoni I Destini Generali (2015). Nella seconda parte del capitolo, per meglio contestualizzare le strategie narrative che oggi si vedono messe in atto all’interno del genere, se ne traccia una rapida genealogia soffermandosi in particolare sull’Historiographic Metafiction (Linda Hutcheon, 1988) e il Metahistorical Romance (Amy Elias, 2001). Partendo dalla ripresa della teoria di Hayden White (Metahistory, 1973), si prende in considerazione anche la scuola critica del New Historicism (Stephen Greenblatt, Catherine Gallagher, Practicing New Historicism, 2000). Il romanzo storico nella sua manifestazione più contemporanea tende a virare sempre più sul versante della realtà limitando al massimo l’influenza della finzione: in questa direzione vanno testi che si giocano sulla continua elisione della separazione fra il piano finzionale e quello fattuale, come dimostra il fiorire di forme ibride come docu-drama, meta-fiction storica, fact-fiction. Fra le strategie narrative più utilizzate nel romanzo storico del Terzo Millennio ci sono quelle che riguardano l’uso della voce (in particolare, si nota come sia frequentissimo il ricorso agli stilemi dell’autofinzione). Un altro aspetto esaminato perché ritenuto interessante è il rapporto fra romanzo storico e romanzo familiare. La terza e ultima parte della tesi è dedicata all’approfondimento di tre romanzi: El Monarca de las Sombras di Javier Cercas (2017), Le rondini di Montecassino di Helena Janeczek (2010), e 4321 di Paul Auster (2017). I testi sono letti da una prospettiva orientata ad evidenziare come gli autori mettano in comunicazione la Storia con l’Oggi e i destini individuali con quelli collettivi. Come illustrato nella tesi, ho deciso di lavorare sul romanzo storico nella convinzione che in questa forma narrativa si concentrino alcuni dei nodi concettuali più stringenti emersi nel dibattito contemporaneo. L’ipotesi formulata in apertura del lavoro è che i romanzi storici del Terzo Millennio tendano verso la riscoperta di un impegno etico e morale della letteratura, espresso da testi costruiti attorno a domande ricorrenti quali ad esempio, “cos’avrei fatto io al loro posto?” e “qual è il mio posto nella Storia?”
Storie private e destini collettivi. Prospettive sul romanzo storico del terzo millennio.
TAGLIANI, ALLEGRA
2021
Abstract
The thesis aims to address the way in which historical novels written in the 2000s stage the relationship between individual stories and collective destinies. The work is divided into three parts, the first two are concerned with theory and the third is dedicated to the analysis of three novels. The first part addresses the issue of Memory Studies and traces the steps that lead to the definition of this field of study. I choose to tackle this issue because of the paramount relevance accorded to memory in the construction of identity, both individual and collective. Maurice Halbwachs’ work on collective memory, L’Histoire Collective (1925), marks the beginning for the development of the studies that lead to the so-called memory boom in the ‘80s. The second part of the thesis deals with literature and analyzes some of the most prominent aspects of the contemporary historical novel as a genre. The first half of the examination opens remarking how authors of historical novels seem to focus their attention on how individuals interact with collective groups. Remarkably, most historical novels seem to deal with narratives related to microhistory (Carlo Ginzburg, 1976) and counterhistory. . In order to outline the status of the link between individual stories and collective destinies I discuss the essay I Destini Generali (2015) by Guido Mazzoni. The second half of the chapter is devoted to draw a brief genealogy of the historical novel genre in its most recent years. Linda Hucheon’s Historiographic Metafiction (1988) and Amy Elias’ Metahistorical Romance are shortly discussed, along with Stephen Greenblatt’s New Historicism (Greenblatt, Cathrine Gallagher, Practicing New Historicism, 2000), a school born out of Hayden White’s Metahistory (1973). From Greenblatt’s interpretation of the work of Clifford Geertz (The Interpretation of Culture, 1973) many authors have derived a vision of historical fiction as a means of “communication with the dead”, a sort of necromancy which seem to imbue many of the narratives that are concerned with history in the last twenty years, aimed at reinstating a connection between the present and the past. The authors employ archive documents and family album photos to support their narratives, therefore raising the issue of the distinction between fact and fiction and between factual and fictional narratives. The contemporary historical novel seems to be marking a sharp turn toward factual or nonfictional narratives, thus creating space for hybrid forms like docu-drama, metafiction and fact-fiction where the two dimensions fruitfully interact with each other. One of the most prominent features in the genre is the modulation of the narrator’s voice. To address this issue directly I chose to consider two novels namely Jonathan Littell’s Les Bienveillantes (2006) and Filippo Tuena’s Le Variazioni Reinach (2005/2015). Another issue which I put under scrutigny is the relationship between family novel and historical novel. Both genres appear to be in a renaissance phase, gaining praise from audience and literary critics alike. Also, both genres deal with the problem of how to relate with the past; finally, both imply the use of similar stylistic features such as autofiction or characters tracing down long-lost relatives using archive information. The last part of the work focuses on the analysis of three novels, namely El Monarca de las Sombras by Javier Cercas (2017), Le rondini di Montecassino by Helena Janeczek (2010) and 4321 by Paul Auster (2017) and highlights how the authors have put in place narrative strategies designed to create a link between history and the present by connecting individual stories and collective destinies. In my work historical novel as a genre is shown as moving toward a more engaged relationship with the public sphere by helping raise moral questions that compel the reader to reflect on her possibility to act in the real world.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/87377
URN:NBN:IT:UNISI-87377