Psychological Indications in ᾽Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī ’s books: selected models: Model A: ᾽al-Ṣadāqah wa al-Ṣadīq; Model B: al-᾽Imtāʻ wa al-Mūʾānasah

This research is about the incredible phenomena of al-Tawḥīdī the forgotten philosopher and literati, highlighting his most important work featuring ʼal-Ṣadāqah wa al-Ṣadīq and al-᾽Imtāʻ wa al-Mūʾānasah as the main two models. In this research the author attempts to reveal psychological concepts and to find a link between al-Tawḥīdī ’s thoughts and the psychological meanings in particular the link between Aristotle, al-Tawḥīdī and modern psychology on friendship, and personality. In this research the author attempts to prove if al-Tawḥīdī's writing contained psychological dimensions and signs that could be considered psychological opinions. In addition, this research discusses if al-Tawḥīdī was able to leave psychological cues throughout his text, and weather these cues contribute to the understanding of human thoughts, behavior, and relations. finally, this research attempt to explain what is friendship to modern psychology? to Aristotle, and to al-Tawḥīdī'