One of the overarching challenges of the energy transition towards a decarbonized power system is balancing the power system with an increasing share of decentralized and inherently fluctuating resources. Such balancing is generally distinguished by two approaches: active and so-called passive balancing. On the one hand, active balancing implies the explicit activation of controllable resources, while passive balancing, on the other hand, describes the implicit approach around imbalance pricing schemes for both controllable and non-controllable resources. While both approaches potentially have the same effect, the academic debate about their effectiveness and side effects is vivid. Along with that, regulatory adoptions of imbalance pricing still vary notably among different European power systems. The studies presented in this thesis aim to contribute to the debate on market design elements of balancing mechanisms to step up the successful integration of renewable and decentral energy resources (DERs) in power systems and connected markets. The study is based on the following triad: theoretical viewpoints as discussed in the academic discourse, regulatory framework developments as introduced at the European level, and empirical findings emerging from extensive numerical analyses of Italian market data. A first set of studies investigates the implications of active balancing integration for DERs. The large-scale Italian UVAM project with more than 1,000 MW of new capacity from decentral assets added to the ancillary services market is critically reviewed. While the project's economic performance left space for improvement in the first 18 months of operation, subsequent case studies investigate the business opportunities that emerged for DERs under this framework. Analyzing active balancing provision from the perspective of a wind farm and a utility-scale battery energy storage unit quantifies the economic potential and highlights the challenges in terms of locational factors, adequate pricing strategies, and the implications of concurrent incentives. A second set of studies focuses on market design elements for passive balancing integration instead. By comparing eight different imbalance pricing schemes with varying pricing rules and balancing products being considered, the comprehensive study confronts a broad spectrum of design elements as currently applied in Europe. An additional focus point concerns the sizing of imbalance pricing areas, a design element for which little empirical evidence has been provided so far. Findings suggest implementing local imbalance price areas to transmit a purposeful balancing incentive. Dynamic sizing further increases efficiency, whereas large macro-areas dilute local price signals significantly and impose unjustified burdens on individual market participants. Welfare analysis of exemplary wind farm and PV operators underline the detrimental effects and complement the set of studies. A last set of studies combines previous case studies and investigates the third approach of full balancing integration. Through value stacking of both active and passive balancing components, the interplay between different balancing integrations for DERs is highlighted. In a multi-period and multi-stage optimization of a virtually aggregated plant consisting of a PV and power-to-gas unit, the full flexibility potential with explicit and implicit service provisions is simulated. Findings suggest that value stacking can provide enhanced revenues of 40-100% compared to pure day-ahead market interactions but also highlight the complexity and resulting challenges of intertwined market operations. Furthermore, by enabling synergies behind the (virtual) meter, previously inelastic units merge with controllable complements and turn in sum price sensitive. Thus the opening for full balancing with combined active and passive balancing would demonstrably further boost the necessary integration of DERs.
Una delle sfide principali della transizione energetica verso un sistema energetico decarbonizzato è il bilanciamento del sistema energetico con una quota crescente di risorse decentralizzate e intrinsecamente fluttuanti. Tale bilanciamento è generalmente distinto da due approcci: il bilanciamento attivo e il cosiddetto bilanciamento passivo. Da un lato, il bilanciamento attivo implica l'attivazione esplicita delle risorse controllabili, mentre il bilanciamento passivo descrive l'approccio implicito intorno a schemi di prezzi di sbilanciamento per risorse controllabili e non controllabili. Mentre entrambi gli approcci hanno potenzialmente lo stesso effetto, il dibattito accademico sulla loro efficacia e sugli effetti collaterali è vivace. Insieme a questo, le adozioni normative dei rispettivi schemi variano ancora notevolmente tra i diversi paesi europei. Gli studi presentati in questa tesi mirano a contribuire al dibattito sugli elementi dei meccanismi di bilanciamento per accelerare l'integrazione delle risorse energetiche rinnovabili e decentralizzate (DER) nei sistemi elettrici e nei mercati connessi. Lo studio si basa sulla seguente triade: punti di vista teorici come discussi nel contesto accademico, sviluppi del quadro normativo come introdotto a livello europeo, e risultati empirici che emergono da ampie analisi numeriche di dati del mercato italiano. Una prima serie di studi indaga le implicazioni dell'integrazione del bilanciamento attivo per le DER. Il progetto italiano UVAM su larga scala con più di 1.000 MW di nuovi asset decentralizzati aggiunti al mercato dei servizi di dispacciamento è rivisto. I casi di studio indagano le opportunità di business emerse per le DER in questo contesto. Analizzando la fornitura di bilanciamento attivo dal punto di vista di un parco eolico e di una batteria, si quantifica il potenziale economico e si evidenziano le sfide in termini di fattori locali, strategie di prezzo adeguate e le implicazioni degli incentivi concomitanti. Una seconda serie di studi si concentra invece sugli elementi per l'integrazione del bilanciamento passivo. Confrontando otto diversi schemi di prezzi di sbilanciamento con diverse regole di prezzo e prodotti, lo studio completo affronta un ampio spettro di elementi come attualmente applicati in Europa. Un ulteriore punto focale riguarda il dimensionamento delle aree di prezzo di sbilanciamento, un elemento per il quale sono state fornite finora poche prove empiriche. I risultati suggeriscono l'implementazione di aree di prezzo di sbilanciamento locali per trasmettere un incentivo di bilanciamento mirato. Il dimensionamento dinamico aumenta ulteriormente l'efficienza, mentre le grandi macro-aree diluiscono significativamente i segnali di prezzo locali e impongono oneri ingiustificati ai singoli partecipanti di mercato. Un'ultima serie di studi combina i casi di studio precedenti e indaga l'approccio dell'integrazione completa del bilanciamento. Attraverso l'impilamento del valore dei componenti di bilanciamento attivo e passivo, viene evidenziata l'interazione tra diverse integrazioni di bilanciamento per le DER. In un'ottimizzazione multiperiodale e multistadio di una centrale virtualmente aggregata composta da un'unità fotovoltaica e da un'unità power-to-gas, viene simulato il pieno potenziale di flessibilità con disposizioni di servizio esplicite e implicite. I risultati suggeriscono che il value stacking può fornire maggiori ricavi del 40-100% rispetto alle pure interazioni del mercato day-ahead, ma evidenziano anche la complessità e le conseguenti sfide delle operazioni di mercato intrecciate. Inoltre, consentendo le sinergie dietro il contatore (virtuale), le unità precedentemente anelastiche si fondono con i complementi controllabili e diventano in somma sensibili al prezzo. Così l'apertura per il bilanciamento completo con il bilanciamento attivo e passivo combinato darebbe un ulteriore impulso alla necessaria integrazione delle DER.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Electricity Market Design Elements for the Strategic Integration of Renewable Energies
SCHWIDTAL, JAN MARC
2022
Abstract
One of the overarching challenges of the energy transition towards a decarbonized power system is balancing the power system with an increasing share of decentralized and inherently fluctuating resources. Such balancing is generally distinguished by two approaches: active and so-called passive balancing. On the one hand, active balancing implies the explicit activation of controllable resources, while passive balancing, on the other hand, describes the implicit approach around imbalance pricing schemes for both controllable and non-controllable resources. While both approaches potentially have the same effect, the academic debate about their effectiveness and side effects is vivid. Along with that, regulatory adoptions of imbalance pricing still vary notably among different European power systems. The studies presented in this thesis aim to contribute to the debate on market design elements of balancing mechanisms to step up the successful integration of renewable and decentral energy resources (DERs) in power systems and connected markets. The study is based on the following triad: theoretical viewpoints as discussed in the academic discourse, regulatory framework developments as introduced at the European level, and empirical findings emerging from extensive numerical analyses of Italian market data. A first set of studies investigates the implications of active balancing integration for DERs. The large-scale Italian UVAM project with more than 1,000 MW of new capacity from decentral assets added to the ancillary services market is critically reviewed. While the project's economic performance left space for improvement in the first 18 months of operation, subsequent case studies investigate the business opportunities that emerged for DERs under this framework. Analyzing active balancing provision from the perspective of a wind farm and a utility-scale battery energy storage unit quantifies the economic potential and highlights the challenges in terms of locational factors, adequate pricing strategies, and the implications of concurrent incentives. A second set of studies focuses on market design elements for passive balancing integration instead. By comparing eight different imbalance pricing schemes with varying pricing rules and balancing products being considered, the comprehensive study confronts a broad spectrum of design elements as currently applied in Europe. An additional focus point concerns the sizing of imbalance pricing areas, a design element for which little empirical evidence has been provided so far. Findings suggest implementing local imbalance price areas to transmit a purposeful balancing incentive. Dynamic sizing further increases efficiency, whereas large macro-areas dilute local price signals significantly and impose unjustified burdens on individual market participants. Welfare analysis of exemplary wind farm and PV operators underline the detrimental effects and complement the set of studies. A last set of studies combines previous case studies and investigates the third approach of full balancing integration. Through value stacking of both active and passive balancing components, the interplay between different balancing integrations for DERs is highlighted. In a multi-period and multi-stage optimization of a virtually aggregated plant consisting of a PV and power-to-gas unit, the full flexibility potential with explicit and implicit service provisions is simulated. Findings suggest that value stacking can provide enhanced revenues of 40-100% compared to pure day-ahead market interactions but also highlight the complexity and resulting challenges of intertwined market operations. Furthermore, by enabling synergies behind the (virtual) meter, previously inelastic units merge with controllable complements and turn in sum price sensitive. Thus the opening for full balancing with combined active and passive balancing would demonstrably further boost the necessary integration of DERs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/94200
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPD-94200